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Using -ed and -ing forms as adjectives.
Participial adjectives are formed from present and past participles but function as adjectives.
They describe people, things and situations rather than actions.
The movie was exciting.
Фильм был захватывающим.
"Exciting" is a participial adjective describing the movie and the feeling it causes.
I was excited about the movie.
Я был в восторге от фильма.
"Excited" is a participial adjective describing how the speaker felt.
The news was surprising.
Новость была удивительной.
"Surprising" describes the news and the effect it had.
We were surprised by the news.
Мы были удивлены новостью.
"Surprised" describes the people who experienced the reaction.
The instructions were confusing.
Инструкции были запутанными.
"Confusing" describes the instructions and their effect on the reader.
I was confused by the instructions.
Я был сбит с толку инструкциями.
"Confused" describes the person experiencing confusion.
The long flight was tiring.
Долгий перелет был утомительным.
"Tiring" describes the flight and the tiredness it caused.
We were tired after the flight.
Мы устали после перелета.
"Tired" describes the state of the people after the experience.
-ing adjectives usually describe the person, thing or situation that causes a feeling or impression.
Examples include interesting, exciting, surprising and confusing.
The book is interesting.
Книга интересная.
"Interesting" describes something that causes interest.
The game was exciting.
Игра была захватывающей.
"Exciting" describes something that causes excitement.
The result was surprising.
Результат был неожиданным.
"Surprising" describes something that causes surprise.
The instructions are confusing.
Инструкции запутанные.
"Confusing" describes something that causes confusion.
The long meeting was exhausting.
Долгое собрание было утомительным.
"Exhausting" describes something that causes exhaustion.
The story was frightening.
История была пугающей.
"Frightening" describes something that causes fear.
The lecture was boring.
Лекция была скучной.
"Boring" describes something that causes boredom.
The trip was relaxing.
Поездка была расслабляющей.
"Relaxing" describes something that creates a feeling of relaxation.
-ed adjectives usually describe how someone feels or the state resulting from an experience.
Examples include interested, excited, surprised and confused.
I am interested in history.
Я интересуюсь историей.
"Interested" describes how the speaker feels.
The children were excited about the trip.
Дети были в восторге от поездки.
"Excited" describes the children's feelings.
She was surprised by the answer.
Она была удивлена ответом.
"Surprised" describes her reaction.
We were confused by the directions.
Мы запутались из-за указаний.
"Confused" describes the people who experienced confusion.
He was tired after work.
Он устал после работы.
"Tired" describes his physical or mental state.
I was bored during the lecture.
Мне было скучно во время лекции.
"Bored" describes the speaker's feeling.
She was frightened by the noise.
Она испугалась из-за шума.
"Frightened" describes her emotional reaction.
They were relaxed after the vacation.
После отпуска они были расслаблены.
"Relaxed" describes their state after the experience.
Use -ing adjectives for the source of a feeling and -ed adjectives for the person or thing experiencing it.
Compare The film was boring with We were bored.
The movie was boring, so we left early.
Фильм был скучным, поэтому мы ушли раньше.
"Boring" describes the movie because it caused boredom.
We were bored, so we left early.
Нам было скучно, поэтому мы ушли раньше.
"Bored" describes how the people felt.
The game was exciting.
Игра была захватывающей.
"Exciting" describes the source of the feeling.
The fans were excited.
Болельщики были в восторге.
"Excited" describes the people experiencing the feeling.
The long drive was tiring.
Долгая поездка на машине была утомительной.
"Tiring" describes the experience that caused tiredness.
We were tired after the long drive.
Мы устали после долгой поездки.
"Tired" describes the people who felt tired.
The instructions were confusing.
Инструкции были запутанными.
"Confusing" describes what caused the confusion.
I was confused by the instructions.
Я был сбит с толку инструкциями.
"Confused" describes the person experiencing confusion.
Many participial adjectives can modify nouns directly.
Examples include an exciting journey, a broken window and a retired teacher.
We had an exciting trip to California.
У нас была захватывающая поездка в Калифорнию.
"Exciting" modifies the noun "trip" before it.
She closed the broken window.
Она закрыла разбитое окно.
"Broken" modifies the noun "window".
A retired teacher lives next door.
Рядом живет вышедший на пенсию учитель.
"Retired" modifies the noun "teacher".
They watched a boring movie.
Они смотрели скучный фильм.
"Boring" describes the movie as the source of boredom.
He told us an interesting story.
Он рассказал нам интересную историю.
"Interesting" modifies "story" before the noun.
We found a damaged car in the parking lot.
Мы нашли поврежденную машину на парковке.
"Damaged" modifies the noun "car".
The excited children ran outside.
Возбужденные дети выбежали наружу.
"Excited" describes the children's state.
We stayed in a quiet neighborhood surrounded by trees.
Мы жили в тихом районе, окруженном деревьями.
"Surrounded" is a past participial adjective in the noun phrase.
Participial adjectives commonly appear after linking verbs.
Examples include She was delighted and The task seemed exhausting.
She was delighted with the result.
Она была очень довольна результатом.
"Delighted" follows the linking verb "was".
The task seemed exhausting.
Задание казалось утомительным.
"Exhausting" follows the linking verb "seemed".
The students looked confused.
Студенты выглядели озадаченными.
"Confused" follows the linking verb "looked".
The news was surprising.
Новость была удивительной.
"Surprising" follows the linking verb "was".
He became interested in photography.
Он заинтересовался фотографией.
"Interested" follows the linking verb "became".
We felt exhausted after the flight.
После перелета мы чувствовали себя совершенно измученными.
"Exhausted" follows the linking verb "felt".
The children seemed excited about the trip.
Дети казались взволнованными из-за поездки.
"Excited" follows the linking verb "seemed".
The instructions became confusing after the update.
После обновления инструкции стали запутанными.
"Confusing" follows the linking verb "became".
Some participial adjective pairs have related but distinct meanings.
Examples include interested/interesting, tired/tiring and amazed/amazing.
The lecture was interesting.
Лекция была интересной.
"Interesting" describes the lecture as the source of interest.
I was interested in the lecture.
Я заинтересовался лекцией.
"Interested" describes the person who experienced the feeling.
The long meeting was tiring.
Долгое собрание было утомительным.
"Tiring" describes something that causes tiredness.
We were tired after the meeting.
Мы устали после собрания.
"Tired" describes the people experiencing tiredness.
The news was amazing.
Новость была потрясающей.
"Amazing" describes the news as the source of amazement.
We were amazed by the news.
Мы были поражены новостью.
"Amazed" describes the people who experienced the reaction.
The instructions were confusing.
Инструкции были запутанными.
"Confusing" describes what caused the confusion.
I was confused by the instructions.
Я был сбит с толку инструкциями.
"Confused" describes the person experiencing confusion.
Many participial adjectives are followed by prepositions or clauses.
Examples include interested in, excited about and pleased that.
She is interested in American history.
Она интересуется американской историей.
"Interested" is followed by the preposition "in".
They are excited about the new apartment.
Они рады новой квартире.
"Excited" is followed by the preposition "about".
He was surprised by the result.
Он был удивлен результатом.
"Surprised" is followed by "by" to identify the cause of the reaction.
We were disappointed with the service.
Мы были разочарованы обслуживанием.
"Disappointed" is commonly followed by "with" for the thing causing disappointment.
She was pleased with the results.
Она была довольна результатами.
"Pleased" is followed by "with".
I was confused about the schedule.
Я запутался в расписании.
"Confused" is followed by "about" to identify the subject of confusion.
They were worried about the cost.
Они беспокоились из-за стоимости.
"Worried" is followed by "about".
I was shocked by the news.
Я был шокирован новостью.
"Shocked" is followed by "by" to identify the cause of the reaction.
Some participial forms have become ordinary adjectives with meanings independent of the original verb.
Examples include talented, advanced, beloved and wicked.
She is a talented musician.
Она талантливый музыкант.
"Talented" functions as an ordinary adjective describing ability.
This course is for advanced students.
Этот курс предназначен для продвинутых студентов.
"Advanced" functions as an adjective meaning at a high level.
The singer is beloved by her fans.
Певицу любят ее поклонники.
"Beloved" has a lexicalized meaning and is not simply interpreted as a current passive action.
The movie has a wicked sense of humor.
У этого фильма озорное чувство юмора.
"Wicked" can function as an ordinary adjective with meanings beyond its original participial form.
He is a talented young designer.
Он талантливый молодой дизайнер.
"Talented" describes an inherent quality rather than a temporary action.
She works with advanced computer systems.
Она работает с передовыми компьютерными системами.
"Advanced" describes the level or sophistication of the systems.
He is a respected member of the community.
Он уважаемый член сообщества.
"Respected" commonly functions as an adjective describing a person's status.
The cabin is surrounded by tall trees.
Домик окружен высокими деревьями.
"Surrounded" functions adjectivally to describe the cabin's state.
Participial adjectives are widely used in academic and professional writing.
They provide concise descriptions and often replace longer relative clauses.
The report presents a detailed analysis of the results.
В отчете представлен подробный анализ результатов.
"Detailed" concisely describes the analysis in formal writing.
The study included participants selected from several universities.
В исследовании участвовали люди, отобранные из нескольких университетов.
"Selected" concisely describes the participants instead of a longer relative clause.
The researchers examined the data collected during the experiment.
Исследователи изучили данные, собранные во время эксперимента.
"Collected" identifies the data and replaces the longer "that were collected".
The proposed solution could reduce operating costs.
Предлагаемое решение может снизить эксплуатационные расходы.
"Proposed" concisely identifies the solution under discussion.
The revised policy takes effect next month.
Пересмотренная политика вступает в силу в следующем месяце.
"Revised" is used as a concise adjective describing the policy.
The results were considered statistically significant.
Результаты считались статистически значимыми.
"Considered" appears in a formal passive structure with an adjective complement.
The company announced a planned expansion of its operations.
Компания объявила о запланированном расширении своей деятельности.
"Planned" concisely describes the expansion.
The attached document contains the requested information.
В приложенном документе содержится запрошенная информация.
"Attached" and "requested" provide concise formal descriptions.
Not every participle functions as an adjective, and some forms may function as either verbs or adjectives depending on context.
Recognizing the grammatical role helps learners interpret sentence structure accurately.
The dog is barking in the backyard.
Собака лает на заднем дворе.
"Barking" is part of the verb phrase "is barking", not an adjective.
The barking dog woke the baby.
Лающая собака разбудила ребенка.
"Barking" functions as an adjective modifying "dog".
The window was broken by the storm.
Окно было разбито бурей.
"Broken" is part of a passive verb phrase.
We replaced the broken window.
Мы заменили разбитое окно.
"Broken" functions as an adjective describing the window's state.
The students were exhausted after the exam.
Студенты были совершенно измучены после экзамена.
"Exhausted" functions as a subject complement after the linking verb "were".
The students were exhausted by the difficult exam.
Студенты были измотаны сложным экзаменом.
"Exhausted" occurs in a passive construction where "by the difficult exam" identifies the cause.
The report was confusing to the readers.
Отчет был запутанным для читателей.
"Confusing" functions as an adjective describing the report.
The report was confusing the readers.
Отчет вводил читателей в замешательство.
"Confusing" is part of the progressive verb phrase "was confusing", not an adjective.
Choose -ing and -ed adjectives according to meaning rather than verb tense.
Common mistakes include saying I am boring instead of I am bored, confusing participial adjectives with passive verb forms and using incorrect prepositions after participial adjectives.
I was bored during the movie.
Мне было скучно во время фильма.
Use "bored" for the person experiencing the feeling, not "boring".
The movie was boring.
Фильм был скучным.
Use "boring" for something that causes boredom.
She is interested in art.
Она интересуется искусством.
Use "interested in", not "interested on".
They were excited about the trip.
Они были в восторге от поездки.
Use "excited about" when introducing the thing causing the excitement.
The instructions were confusing.
Инструкции были запутанными.
Use "confusing" to describe something that causes confusion.
I was confused by the instructions.
Я был сбит с толку инструкциями.
Use "confused" to describe the person experiencing confusion.
The long trip was tiring.
Долгая поездка была утомительной.
Use "tiring" for the experience that causes tiredness.
We were tired after the trip.
Мы устали после поездки.
Use "tired" for the people who experience tiredness.