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Using moreover, therefore, however, nevertheless, in addition and similar connectors.
Practice: build the sentences →Linking words and transitional expressions connect ideas by showing relationships such as contrast, addition, result, sequence, example, clarification, and conclusion.
They can connect ideas across sentences or clauses, but many of them do not function grammatically like coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.
The method is expensive. However, it is effective.
Метод дорогой. Однако он эффективен.
"However" connects two sentences showing contrast.
The evidence was incomplete; therefore, the researchers repeated the experiment.
Доказательства были неполными; поэтому исследователи повторили эксперимент.
"Therefore" shows a result relationship.
The plan is expensive. Moreover, it would take months to complete.
План дорогой. Более того, его выполнение займёт месяцы.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The hotel is comfortable. In addition, it is close to the station.
Отель удобный. Кроме того, он близко к вокзалу.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
Many languages have grammatical gender. For example, German and French.
Многие языки имеют грамматический род. Например, немецкий и французский.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
First, collect the data. Next, analyze it. Finally, write the report.
Сначала соберите данные. Затем проанализируйте их. Наконец, напишите отчёт.
Sequence connectors organize stages in order.
The project is financially unviable. In other words, it would lose money.
Проект финансово нежизнеспособен. Иными словами, он будет терять деньги.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
Overall, the results were positive.
В целом результаты были положительными.
"Overall" introduces a summary or final assessment.
However introduces a contrast with information stated previously.
For example, The method is expensive. However, it is effective.
The method is expensive. However, it is effective.
Метод дорогой. Однако он эффективен.
"However" introduces a contrast with the previous statement.
It was raining. However, we decided to go for a walk.
Шёл дождь. Однако мы решили пойти гулять.
"However" contrasts the rain with the decision to walk.
She was tired. However, she continued working.
Она устала. Однако она продолжала работать.
"However" contrasts tiredness with continuing to work.
The book was long. However, it was very interesting.
Книга была длинной. Однако она была очень интересной.
"However" contrasts length with interest.
He studied hard. However, he still failed the exam.
Он усердно учился. Однако он всё равно провалил экзамен.
"However" contrasts effort with unexpected failure.
The car is old. However, it runs perfectly.
Машина старая. Однако она работает отлично.
"However" contrasts age with excellent performance.
She is young. However, she is very experienced.
Она молода. Однако она очень опытна.
"However" contrasts youth with experience.
The weather was bad. However, we enjoyed the trip.
Погода была плохой. Однако нам понравилась поездка.
"However" contrasts bad weather with enjoyment.
However can occur inside a clause as a parenthetical connector and is normally separated by commas.
For example, The method, however, is effective.
The method, however, is effective.
Метод, однако, эффективен.
"However" appears in the middle of the sentence, separated by commas.
The task, however, was completed on time.
Задача, однако, была выполнена вовремя.
"However" is parenthetical within the clause.
The weather, however, was terrible.
Погода, однако, была ужасной.
"However" appears in the middle of the clause.
She, however, did not agree with the plan.
Она, однако, не согласилась с планом.
"However" appears after the subject for contrast.
The results, however, were surprising.
Результаты, однако, были удивительными.
"However" appears in the middle, set off by commas.
The plan, however, had several flaws.
План, однако, имел несколько недостатков.
"However" is parenthetical within the clause.
The team, however, managed to win.
Команда, однако, сумела победить.
"However" appears in the middle for contrast.
The evidence, however, was inconclusive.
Доказательства, однако, были неубедительными.
"However" is parenthetical within the clause.
Therefore introduces a result, consequence, or logical conclusion from previously stated information.
For example, The evidence was incomplete; therefore, the researchers repeated the experiment.
The evidence was incomplete; therefore, the researchers repeated the experiment.
Доказательства были неполными; поэтому исследователи повторили эксперимент.
"Therefore" introduces a result or logical conclusion.
The roads were closed; therefore, we stayed home.
Дороги были закрыты; поэтому мы остались дома.
"Therefore" introduces a result.
The company lost money; therefore, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла деньги; поэтому она сократила персонал.
"Therefore" introduces a logical conclusion.
The data were inconsistent; therefore, the study was repeated.
Данные были противоречивы; поэтому исследование было повторено.
"Therefore" introduces a result.
It was raining heavily; therefore, the match was cancelled.
Шёл сильный дождь; поэтому матч был отменён.
"Therefore" introduces a result.
The system failed; therefore, all operations were suspended.
Система отказала; поэтому все операции были приостановлены.
"Therefore" introduces a logical conclusion.
The demand increased; therefore, prices rose.
Спрос увеличился; поэтому цены выросли.
"Therefore" introduces a result.
The theory was flawed; therefore, it was rejected.
Теория была ошибочной; поэтому она была отвергнута.
"Therefore" introduces a logical conclusion.
Therefore can occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a clause, with punctuation depending on its position.
For example, Therefore, we left; We therefore left; and We left, therefore.
Therefore, we left early.
Поэтому мы ушли рано.
"Therefore" at the beginning of the clause.
We therefore left early.
Мы поэтому ушли рано.
"Therefore" in the middle of the clause after the subject.
We left early, therefore.
Мы ушли рано, поэтому.
"Therefore" at the end of the clause, uncommon but possible.
Therefore, the project was cancelled.
Поэтому проект был отменён.
"Therefore" at the beginning of the clause.
The project was therefore cancelled.
Проект поэтому был отменён.
"Therefore" in the middle of the clause.
The company lost money; therefore, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла деньги; поэтому она сократила персонал.
"Therefore" after a semicolon at the beginning of the second clause.
The company therefore reduced its staff.
Компания поэтому сократила персонал.
"Therefore" in the middle of the clause after the subject.
The evidence was weak; therefore, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми; поэтому дело было закрыто.
"Therefore" after a semicolon at the beginning of the second clause.
Moreover adds another point that supports or develops the preceding argument.
For example, The plan is expensive. Moreover, it would take months to complete.
The plan is expensive. Moreover, it would take months to complete.
План дорогой. Более того, его выполнение займёт месяцы.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The method is inexpensive. Moreover, it is easy to implement.
Метод недорогой. Более того, он прост в реализации.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The data are reliable. Moreover, they are easy to verify.
Данные надёжны. Более того, они легко проверяемы.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The system is fast. Moreover, it is secure.
Система быстрая. Более того, она безопасна.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The book is informative. Moreover, it is well written.
Книга информативна. Более того, она хорошо написана.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The approach is innovative. Moreover, it is practical.
Подход инновационный. Более того, он практичен.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The results are promising. Moreover, they are consistent.
Результаты многообещающие. Более того, они согласованы.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
The theory is elegant. Moreover, it is supported by evidence.
Теория изящна. Более того, она подтверждена доказательствами.
"Moreover" adds another supporting point.
Furthermore adds another supporting point and is especially common in formal writing.
For example, The system is expensive. Furthermore, it is difficult to maintain.
The system is expensive. Furthermore, it is difficult to maintain.
Система дорогая. Кроме того, её трудно обслуживать.
"Furthermore" adds another supporting point in formal writing.
The plan is expensive. Furthermore, it would take several months to complete.
План дорогой. Кроме того, его выполнение займёт несколько месяцев.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The method is reliable. Furthermore, it is widely used.
Метод надёжен. Кроме того, он широко используется.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The system is complex. Furthermore, it requires regular maintenance.
Система сложная. Кроме того, она требует регулярного обслуживания.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The data are incomplete. Furthermore, they are inconsistent.
Данные неполные. Кроме того, они противоречивы.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The proposal is ambitious. Furthermore, it is risky.
Предложение амбициозно. Кроме того, оно рискованно.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The theory is controversial. Furthermore, it lacks empirical support.
Теория спорна. Кроме того, она не имеет эмпирической поддержки.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
The project is behind schedule. Furthermore, it is over budget.
Проект отстаёт от графика. Кроме того, он превышает бюджет.
"Furthermore" introduces an additional point.
In addition introduces another related point, fact, or reason.
For example, The hotel is comfortable. In addition, it is close to the station.
The hotel is comfortable. In addition, it is close to the station.
Отель удобный. Кроме того, он близко к вокзалу.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The course is informative. In addition, it is affordable.
Курс информативен. Кроме того, он доступен по цене.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The software is powerful. In addition, it is user-friendly.
Программное обеспечение мощное. Кроме того, оно удобно для пользователя.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The plan is practical. In addition, it is flexible.
План практичен. Кроме того, он гибок.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The book is detailed. In addition, it is well organized.
Книга подробная. Кроме того, она хорошо организована.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The method is efficient. In addition, it is environmentally friendly.
Метод эффективен. Кроме того, он экологичен.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The results are accurate. In addition, they are reproducible.
Результаты точны. Кроме того, они воспроизводимы.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
The approach is logical. In addition, it is well tested.
Подход логичен. Кроме того, он хорошо проверен.
"In addition" adds another related fact.
Also adds information and is common in neutral and conversational English.
For example, She speaks French. She also speaks Spanish.
She speaks French. She also speaks Spanish.
Она говорит по-французски. Она также говорит по-испански.
"Also" adds information in neutral or conversational English.
He is a teacher. He is also a writer.
Он учитель. Он также писатель.
"Also" adds information about another profession.
The car is fast. It is also economical.
Машина быстрая. Она также экономичная.
"Also" adds information about another quality.
She sings well. She also plays the piano.
Она хорошо поёт. Она также играет на пианино.
"Also" adds information about another skill.
The book is interesting. It is also informative.
Книга интересная. Она также информативна.
"Also" adds information about another quality.
We visited Paris. We also visited Rome.
Мы посетили Париж. Мы также посетили Рим.
"Also" adds information about another place.
The plan is cheap. It is also effective.
План дешёвый. Он также эффективен.
"Also" adds information about another quality.
She is intelligent. She is also hardworking.
Она умна. Она также трудолюбива.
"Also" adds information about another quality.
Besides can introduce an additional reason, consideration, or argument.
For example, I do not want to go. Besides, it is too late.
I do not want to go. Besides, it is too late.
Я не хочу идти. Кроме того, уже слишком поздно.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
She is not qualified. Besides, she lacks experience.
Она не квалифицирована. Кроме того, ей не хватает опыта.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
The plan is expensive. Besides, it is impractical.
План дорогой. Кроме того, он непрактичен.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
I cannot attend. Besides, I was not invited.
Я не могу присутствовать. Кроме того, меня не пригласили.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
The car is old. Besides, it is unreliable.
Машина старая. Кроме того, она ненадёжна.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
He is busy. Besides, he is not interested.
Он занят. Кроме того, ему неинтересно.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
The room is small. Besides, it is dark.
Комната маленькая. Кроме того, она тёмная.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
The book is long. Besides, it is boring.
Книга длинная. Кроме того, она скучная.
"Besides" introduces an additional reason.
Nevertheless indicates that the following statement remains true despite the preceding information.
For example, The journey was difficult. Nevertheless, we enjoyed it.
The journey was difficult. Nevertheless, we enjoyed it.
Путешествие было трудным. Тем не менее нам понравилось.
"Nevertheless" emphasizes that the second fact remains true.
The task was complex. Nevertheless, we completed it on time.
Задача была сложной. Тем не менее мы выполнили её вовремя.
"Nevertheless" emphasizes a contrasting point.
The evidence was weak. Nevertheless, the jury convicted him.
Доказательства были слабыми. Тем не менее присяжные признали его виновным.
"Nevertheless" introduces an unexpected result.
The weather was terrible. Nevertheless, we went for a walk.
Погода была ужасной. Тем не менее мы пошли гулять.
"Nevertheless" introduces a contrasting action.
The plan had flaws. Nevertheless, it was approved.
План имел недостатки. Тем не менее он был одобрен.
"Nevertheless" introduces an unexpected outcome.
She was exhausted. Nevertheless, she finished the race.
Она была измучена. Тем не менее она закончила гонку.
"Nevertheless" introduces a contrasting achievement.
The odds were against us. Nevertheless, we won.
Шансы были против нас. Тем не менее мы победили.
"Nevertheless" introduces an unexpected victory.
The book was long. Nevertheless, I read it in one sitting.
Книга была длинной. Тем не менее я прочитал её за один раз.
"Nevertheless" introduces a contrasting action.
Nonetheless has a similar function to nevertheless and introduces an unexpected continuation or contrast.
For example, The evidence was limited. Nonetheless, the researchers reached a conclusion.
The evidence was limited. Nonetheless, the researchers reached a conclusion.
Доказательства были ограничены. Тем не менее исследователи пришли к выводу.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting point in formal writing.
The task was difficult. Nonetheless, we completed it.
Задача была трудной. Тем не менее мы её выполнили.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting point.
The data were incomplete. Nonetheless, the analysis proceeded.
Данные были неполными. Тем не менее анализ продолжился.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting action.
The theory was controversial. Nonetheless, it gained support.
Теория была спорной. Тем не менее она получила поддержку.
"Nonetheless" introduces an unexpected outcome.
The weather was bad. Nonetheless, the event was a success.
Погода была плохой. Тем не менее мероприятие прошло успешно.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting result.
The plan had risks. Nonetheless, we decided to proceed.
План имел риски. Тем не менее мы решили продолжить.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting decision.
She was inexperienced. Nonetheless, she performed well.
Она была неопытной. Тем не менее она выступила хорошо.
"Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting achievement.
The opposition was strong. Nonetheless, the bill passed.
Оппозиция была сильной. Тем не менее законопроект был принят.
"Nonetheless" introduces an unexpected result.
On the other hand introduces another perspective, alternative, or contrasting consideration.
For example, The apartment is small. On the other hand, it is in an excellent location.
The apartment is small. On the other hand, it is in an excellent location.
Квартира маленькая. С другой стороны, она в отличном месте.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting perspective.
The job is demanding. On the other hand, it pays well.
Работа требовательная. С другой стороны, она хорошо оплачивается.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting consideration.
The car is expensive. On the other hand, it is very reliable.
Машина дорогая. С другой стороны, она очень надёжная.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting consideration.
The course is difficult. On the other hand, it is very rewarding.
Курс сложный. С другой стороны, он очень полезен.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting consideration.
The house is old. On the other hand, it has a lot of character.
Дом старый. С другой стороны, у него много характера.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting perspective.
The plan is risky. On the other hand, the potential reward is high.
План рискованный. С другой стороны, потенциальная награда высока.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting consideration.
The book is long. On the other hand, it is very thorough.
Книга длинная. С другой стороны, она очень подробная.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting perspective.
The team is inexperienced. On the other hand, they are very enthusiastic.
Команда неопытная. С другой стороны, они очень воодушевлены.
"On the other hand" introduces a contrasting consideration.
In contrast introduces a clear difference between two situations, people, things, or ideas.
For example, The first method is cheap. In contrast, the second is much more expensive.
The first method is cheap. In contrast, the second is much more expensive.
Первый метод дешёвый. В противоположность этому, второй гораздо дороже.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The north is cold. In contrast, the south is warm.
Север холодный. В противоположность этому, юг тёплый.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
John is very outgoing. In contrast, his brother is shy.
Джон очень общительный. В противоположность этому, его брат застенчивый.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The old system was slow. In contrast, the new one is very fast.
Старая система была медленной. В противоположность этому, новая очень быстрая.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The first experiment succeeded. In contrast, the second failed.
Первый эксперимент удался. В противоположность этому, второй провалился.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The city is noisy. In contrast, the countryside is peaceful.
Город шумный. В противоположность этому, сельская местность спокойная.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The first option is practical. In contrast, the second is idealistic.
Первый вариант практичный. В противоположность этому, второй идеалистичный.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
The book is optimistic. In contrast, the film is quite dark.
Книга оптимистичная. В противоположность этому, фильм довольно мрачный.
"In contrast" introduces a clear difference.
On the contrary directly contradicts or strongly rejects a preceding statement or assumption.
For example, I did not find the task difficult. On the contrary, I found it quite easy.
I did not find the task difficult. On the contrary, I found it quite easy.
Я не нашёл задачу трудной. Напротив, я нашёл её довольно лёгкой.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
He is not lazy. On the contrary, he works very hard.
Он не ленивый. Напротив, он очень усердно работает.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
The film was not boring. On the contrary, it was fascinating.
Фильм не был скучным. Напротив, он был увлекательным.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
She did not fail. On the contrary, she passed with distinction.
Она не провалилась. Напротив, она сдала с отличием.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
The plan is not impractical. On the contrary, it is quite feasible.
План не непрактичен. Напротив, он вполне осуществим.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
The weather was not cold. On the contrary, it was quite warm.
Погода не была холодной. Напротив, было довольно тепло.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
He is not incompetent. On the contrary, he is highly skilled.
Он не некомпетентен. Напротив, он высококвалифицирован.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
The results were not disappointing. On the contrary, they exceeded expectations.
Результаты не были разочаровывающими. Напротив, они превзошли ожидания.
"On the contrary" contradicts the preceding negative statement.
As a result introduces a consequence that follows from previously stated information.
For example, The roads were flooded. As a result, the school was closed.
The roads were flooded. As a result, the school was closed.
Дороги были затоплены. В результате школа была закрыта.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
The company lost several clients. As a result, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла несколько клиентов. В результате она сократила персонал.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
It rained heavily. As a result, the match was cancelled.
Шёл сильный дождь. В результате матч был отменён.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
She missed the bus. As a result, she was late for work.
Она опоздала на автобус. В результате она опоздала на работу.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
The evidence was weak. As a result, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми. В результате дело было закрыто.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
He studied hard. As a result, he passed the exam.
Он усердно учился. В результате он сдал экзамен.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
The traffic was terrible. As a result, we missed our flight.
Пробки были ужасными. В результате мы опоздали на самолёт.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
The company invested heavily. As a result, it expanded rapidly.
Компания много инвестировала. В результате она быстро расширилась.
"As a result" introduces a consequence.
Consequently introduces a formal consequence or result.
For example, The company lost several clients. Consequently, it reduced its workforce.
The company lost several clients. Consequently, it reduced its workforce.
Компания потеряла несколько клиентов. Следовательно, она сократила персонал.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The evidence was insufficient. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательств было недостаточно. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The weather was bad. Consequently, the event was cancelled.
Погода была плохой. Следовательно, мероприятие было отменено.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
He missed the deadline. Consequently, he lost the contract.
Он пропустил срок. Следовательно, он потерял контракт.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The data were inconsistent. Consequently, the study was repeated.
Данные были противоречивы. Следовательно, исследование было повторено.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The system failed. Consequently, all operations were suspended.
Система отказала. Следовательно, все операции были приостановлены.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The demand increased. Consequently, prices rose.
Спрос увеличился. Следовательно, цены выросли.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
The theory was flawed. Consequently, it was rejected.
Теория была ошибочной. Следовательно, она была отвергнута.
"Consequently" introduces a formal consequence.
Thus can introduce a result, conclusion, or logical consequence and is common in formal writing.
For example, The sample was too small; thus, the results were inconclusive.
The sample was too small; thus, the results were inconclusive.
Выборка была слишком маленькой; таким образом, результаты были неубедительными.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion in formal writing.
The evidence was weak; thus, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми; таким образом, дело было закрыто.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The data were incomplete; thus, further research was required.
Данные были неполными; таким образом, потребовалось дальнейшее исследование.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The theory was flawed; thus, it was rejected.
Теория была ошибочной; таким образом, она была отвергнута.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The demand increased; thus, prices rose.
Спрос увеличился; таким образом, цены выросли.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The system failed; thus, operations were suspended.
Система отказала; таким образом, операции были приостановлены.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The company lost money; thus, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла деньги; таким образом, она сократила персонал.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
The weather was bad; thus, the event was cancelled.
Погода была плохой; таким образом, мероприятие было отменено.
"Thus" introduces a result or conclusion.
Hence introduces a conclusion or consequence and is especially common in formal or technical English.
For example, The evidence was incomplete; hence, no firm conclusion could be drawn.
The evidence was incomplete; hence, no firm conclusion could be drawn.
Доказательства были неполными; следовательно, нельзя было сделать твёрдый вывод.
"Hence" introduces a result or conclusion in formal writing.
The sample was too small; hence, the results were inconclusive.
Выборка была слишком маленькой; следовательно, результаты были неубедительными.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The evidence was weak; hence, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми; следовательно, дело было закрыто.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The data were incomplete; hence, further research was required.
Данные были неполными; следовательно, потребовалось дальнейшее исследование.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The theory was flawed; hence, it was rejected.
Теория была ошибочной; следовательно, она была отвергнута.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The demand increased; hence, prices rose.
Спрос увеличился; следовательно, цены выросли.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The system failed; hence, operations were suspended.
Система отказала; следовательно, операции были приостановлены.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
The company lost money; hence, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла деньги; следовательно, она сократила персонал.
"Hence" introduces a conclusion in formal writing.
For example introduces a specific case that illustrates a general statement.
For example, Many languages have grammatical gender. German and French are examples.
Many languages have grammatical gender. For example, German and French.
Многие языки имеют грамматический род. Например, немецкий и французский.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Some fruits are tropical. For example, bananas and mangoes.
Некоторые фрукты тропические. Например, бананы и манго.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Many students study abroad. For example, my cousin is in Spain.
Многие студенты учатся за границей. Например, моя двоюродная сестра в Испании.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Some verbs are irregular. For example, go, eat, and see.
Некоторые глаголы неправильные. Например, go, eat и see.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Many countries use the euro. For example, France and Germany.
Многие страны используют евро. Например, Франция и Германия.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Some animals are nocturnal. For example, owls and bats.
Некоторые животные ведут ночной образ жизни. Например, совы и летучие мыши.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Many people enjoy sports. For example, football and tennis.
Многие люди любят спорт. Например, футбол и теннис.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
Some cities are very old. For example, Rome and Athens.
Некоторые города очень старые. Например, Рим и Афины.
"For example" introduces a specific illustration.
For instance has a similar function to for example and introduces an illustration or specific case.
For example, Some adverbs can move position. For instance, always can occur in different positions.
Some adverbs can move position. For instance, always can occur in different positions.
Некоторые наречия могут менять позицию. Например, always может стоять в разных позициях.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Many students struggle with grammar. For instance, relative clauses are often difficult.
Многие студенты испытывают трудности с грамматикой. Например, относительные придаточные часто трудны.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Some verbs take two objects. For instance, give and send.
Некоторые глаголы принимают два дополнения. Например, give и send.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Many languages have gendered nouns. For instance, Spanish and French.
Многие языки имеют род существительных. Например, испанский и французский.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Some prepositions are difficult to learn. For instance, in, on, and at.
Некоторые предлоги трудно выучить. Например, in, on и at.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Many writers use metaphors. For instance, Shakespeare often compared life to a stage.
Многие писатели используют метафоры. Например, Шекспир часто сравнивал жизнь со сценой.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Some phrasal verbs are separable. For instance, turn off and pick up.
Некоторые фразовые глаголы разделяемые. Например, turn off и pick up.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Many countries have multiple official languages. For instance, Canada and Switzerland.
Многие страны имеют несколько официальных языков. Например, Канада и Швейцария.
"For instance" introduces an illustration or specific case.
Namely specifies or identifies more precisely what has just been mentioned.
For example, Three employees were promoted, namely John, Maria, and David.
Three employees were promoted, namely John, Maria, and David.
Три сотрудника были повышены, а именно Джон, Мария и Дэвид.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
We visited two cities, namely Paris and Rome.
Мы посетили два города, а именно Париж и Рим.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
She speaks three languages, namely English, French, and Spanish.
Она говорит на трёх языках, а именно на английском, французском и испанском.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
Two students failed, namely Tom and Sarah.
Два студента провалились, а именно Том и Сара.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
We need three ingredients, namely flour, eggs, and milk.
Нам нужны три ингредиента, а именно мука, яйца и молоко.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
He visited two countries, namely Spain and Portugal.
Он посетил две страны, а именно Испанию и Португалию.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
Three books were recommended, namely "1984", "Animal Farm", and "Homage to Catalonia".
Были рекомендованы три книги, а именно «1984», «Скотный двор» и «Памяти Каталонии».
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
Two factors contributed, namely cost and time.
Два фактора способствовали этому, а именно стоимость и время.
"Namely" specifies or identifies more precisely.
In other words introduces a restatement intended to clarify, simplify, or reinterpret the preceding idea.
For example, The project is financially unviable. In other words, it would lose money.
The project is financially unviable. In other words, it would lose money.
Проект финансово нежизнеспособен. Иными словами, он будет терять деньги.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The plan is impractical. In other words, it cannot be implemented.
План непрактичен. Иными словами, его нельзя реализовать.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The evidence is inconclusive. In other words, we cannot be sure.
Доказательства неубедительны. Иными словами, мы не можем быть уверены.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The theory is controversial. In other words, not everyone agrees with it.
Теория спорна. Иными словами, не все с ней согласны.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The task is time-consuming. In other words, it will take a long time.
Задача трудоёмкая. Иными словами, она займёт много времени.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The system is inefficient. In other words, it wastes resources.
Система неэффективна. Иными словами, она тратит ресурсы впустую.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The results are ambiguous. In other words, they can be interpreted in different ways.
Результаты неоднозначны. Иными словами, их можно интерпретировать по-разному.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
The proposal is controversial. In other words, it is likely to be debated.
Предложение спорно. Иными словами, его, вероятно, будут обсуждать.
"In other words" introduces a restatement for clarification.
That is introduces clarification, specification, or a more precise restatement.
For example, The meeting is postponed, that is, it will take place next week.
The meeting is postponed, that is, it will take place next week.
Собрание отложено, то есть оно состоится на следующей неделе.
"That is" introduces clarification or a more precise restatement.
She is a linguist, that is, she studies language.
Она лингвист, то есть она изучает язык.
"That is" introduces clarification.
He is a physician, that is, a medical doctor.
Он врач, то есть доктор медицины.
"That is" introduces clarification.
She is my sibling, that is, my sister.
Она мой родственник, то есть моя сестра.
"That is" introduces clarification.
The theory was disproven, that is, it was shown to be false.
Теория была опровергнута, то есть было показано, что она ложна.
"That is" introduces clarification.
The project is delayed, that is, it will not be finished on time.
Проект задерживается, то есть он не будет закончен вовремя.
"That is" introduces clarification.
The company is restructuring, that is, it is changing its organization.
Компания реструктурируется, то есть она меняет свою организацию.
"That is" introduces clarification.
The plan failed, that is, it did not achieve its goals.
План провалился, то есть он не достиг своих целей.
"That is" introduces clarification.
That is to say introduces a more explicit or precise explanation of a preceding statement.
For example, The result was inconclusive, that is to say, we could not determine the cause.
The result was inconclusive, that is to say, we could not determine the cause.
Результат был неубедительным, иными словами, мы не могли определить причину.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit or precise explanation.
The plan failed, that is to say, it did not achieve its goals.
План провалился, иными словами, он не достиг своих целей.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The project is delayed, that is to say, it will not be finished on time.
Проект задерживается, иными словами, он не будет закончен вовремя.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The company is restructuring, that is to say, it is changing its organization.
Компания реструктурируется, иными словами, она меняет свою организацию.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The evidence is inconclusive, that is to say, we cannot be sure.
Доказательства неубедительны, иными словами, мы не можем быть уверены.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The theory is controversial, that is to say, not everyone agrees with it.
Теория спорна, иными словами, не все с ней согласны.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The task is time-consuming, that is to say, it will take a long time.
Задача трудоёмкая, иными словами, она займёт много времени.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
The system is inefficient, that is to say, it wastes resources.
Система неэффективна, иными словами, она тратит ресурсы впустую.
"That is to say" introduces a more explicit explanation.
Sequence connectors organize several stages, arguments, or points in a logical order.
For example, First, collect the data. Next, analyze it. Finally, write the report.
First, collect the data. Next, analyze it. Finally, write the report.
Сначала соберите данные. Затем проанализируйте их. Наконец, напишите отчёт.
Sequence connectors organize stages in logical order.
First, preheat the oven. Next, mix the ingredients. Finally, bake the cake.
Сначала разогрейте духовку. Затем смешайте ингредиенты. Наконец, испеките торт.
Sequence connectors organize recipe steps.
First, read the instructions. Next, follow the steps. Finally, check the result.
Сначала прочитайте инструкции. Затем следуйте шагам. Наконец, проверьте результат.
Sequence connectors organize a procedure.
First, book your flight. Next, reserve a hotel. Finally, pack your bags.
Сначала забронируйте билет. Затем забронируйте отель. Наконец, соберите вещи.
Sequence connectors organize travel preparations.
First, wash the vegetables. Next, chop them. Finally, add them to the pan.
Сначала помойте овощи. Затем нарежьте их. Наконец, добавьте их на сковороду.
Sequence connectors organize cooking steps.
First, open the file. Next, edit the text. Finally, save your work.
Сначала откройте файл. Затем отредактируйте текст. Наконец, сохраните работу.
Sequence connectors organize a computer task.
First, greet the audience. Next, present your topic. Finally, answer questions.
Сначала поприветствуйте аудиторию. Затем представьте тему. Наконец, ответьте на вопросы.
Sequence connectors organize a presentation.
First, identify the problem. Next, consider solutions. Finally, implement the best one.
Сначала определите проблему. Затем рассмотрите решения. Наконец, внедрите лучшее.
Sequence connectors organize problem-solving.
Meanwhile introduces an event or situation occurring during the same period as another event.
For example, The children played outside. Meanwhile, the adults prepared dinner.
The children played outside. Meanwhile, the adults prepared dinner.
Дети играли на улице. Тем временем взрослые готовили ужин.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
She studied for her exam. Meanwhile, her brother watched TV.
Она готовилась к экзамену. Тем временем её брат смотрел телевизор.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
The team worked on the project. Meanwhile, the manager contacted the client.
Команда работала над проектом. Тем временем менеджер связался с клиентом.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
He cooked dinner. Meanwhile, she set the table.
Он готовил ужин. Тем временем она накрывала на стол.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
The first group presented their findings. Meanwhile, the second group prepared their slides.
Первая группа представила свои результаты. Тем временем вторая группа готовила слайды.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
She waited for the bus. Meanwhile, she read a book.
Она ждала автобус. Тем временем она читала книгу.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
The engineers fixed the system. Meanwhile, the staff continued working manually.
Инженеры чинили систему. Тем временем персонал продолжал работать вручную.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
He studied abroad. Meanwhile, his friends finished university.
Он учился за границей. Тем временем его друзья закончили университет.
"Meanwhile" connects simultaneous situations.
Instead introduces an alternative that replaces or contrasts with a previously mentioned action or possibility.
For example, We did not take the train. Instead, we drove.
We did not take the train. Instead, we drove.
Мы не поехали на поезде. Вместо этого мы поехали на машине.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
She did not call. Instead, she sent a message.
Она не позвонила. Вместо этого она отправила сообщение.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
He did not apologize. Instead, he blamed others.
Он не извинился. Вместо этого он обвинил других.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
We did not buy a house. Instead, we rented an apartment.
Мы не купили дом. Вместо этого мы сняли квартиру.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
She did not take the job. Instead, she started her own business.
Она не приняла работу. Вместо этого она открыла свой бизнес.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
They did not cancel the event. Instead, they moved it online.
Они не отменили мероприятие. Вместо этого они перевели его в онлайн.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
He did not study medicine. Instead, he chose engineering.
Он не изучал медицину. Вместо этого он выбрал инженерию.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
We did not walk. Instead, we took a taxi.
Мы не пошли пешком. Вместо этого мы взяли такси.
"Instead" introduces an alternative action.
Otherwise introduces an alternative or consequence that applies if the preceding condition is not met.
For example, Hurry up; otherwise, we will miss the train.
Hurry up; otherwise, we will miss the train.
Поторопись; иначе мы опоздаем на поезд.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence if the condition is not met.
Study hard; otherwise, you will fail the exam.
Учись усердно; иначе ты провалишь экзамен.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Leave now; otherwise, you will be late.
Уходи сейчас; иначе ты опоздаешь.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Take an umbrella; otherwise, you will get wet.
Возьми зонт; иначе ты промокнешь.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Save your money; otherwise, you will not be able to afford it.
Экономь деньги; иначе ты не сможешь себе это позволить.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Apologize; otherwise, she will not forgive you.
Извинись; иначе она тебя не простит.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Follow the instructions; otherwise, the experiment will fail.
Следуйте инструкциям; иначе эксперимент провалится.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Set an alarm; otherwise, you will oversleep.
Поставь будильник; иначе ты проспишь.
"Otherwise" introduces a consequence.
Overall and in conclusion introduce summaries or final assessments based on the preceding discussion.
For example, Overall, the results were positive. In conclusion, the method appears reliable.
Overall, the results were positive.
В целом результаты были положительными.
"Overall" introduces a summary or final assessment.
In conclusion, the method appears reliable.
В заключение метод представляется надёжным.
"In conclusion" introduces a final assessment.
Overall, the project was a success.
В целом проект был успешным.
"Overall" introduces a summary.
In conclusion, further research is needed.
В заключение необходимо дальнейшее исследование.
"In conclusion" introduces a final assessment.
Overall, the team performed well.
В целом команда выступила хорошо.
"Overall" introduces a summary.
In conclusion, the evidence supports the theory.
В заключение доказательства подтверждают теорию.
"In conclusion" introduces a final assessment.
Overall, the experiment was successful.
В целом эксперимент был успешным.
"Overall" introduces a summary.
In conclusion, the plan should be approved.
В заключение план следует одобрить.
"In conclusion" introduces a final assessment.
In summary and to sum up introduce a condensed statement of the main points.
For example, In summary, the evidence supports the original hypothesis.
In summary, the evidence supports the original hypothesis.
В итоге доказательства подтверждают первоначальную гипотезу.
"In summary" introduces a condensed statement of main points.
To sum up, the project was a success.
Подводя итог, проект был успешным.
"To sum up" introduces a condensed statement of main points.
In summary, the results were positive.
В итоге результаты были положительными.
"In summary" introduces a condensed statement.
To sum up, the method appears reliable.
Подводя итог, метод представляется надёжным.
"To sum up" introduces a condensed statement.
In summary, further research is needed.
В итоге необходимо дальнейшее исследование.
"In summary" introduces a condensed statement.
To sum up, the team performed well.
Подводя итог, команда выступила хорошо.
"To sum up" introduces a condensed statement.
In summary, the experiment was successful.
В итоге эксперимент был успешным.
"In summary" introduces a condensed statement.
To sum up, the plan should be approved.
Подводя итог, план следует одобрить.
"To sum up" introduces a condensed statement.
In the meantime refers to a period between two events and can connect a temporary situation to a later event.
For example, The repairs will take a week. In the meantime, we will use another office.
The repairs will take a week. In the meantime, we will use another office.
Ремонт займёт неделю. Тем временем мы будем использовать другой офис.
"In the meantime" connects a temporary situation to a later event.
She is studying abroad. In the meantime, her friends are working.
Она учится за границей. Тем временем её друзья работают.
"In the meantime" refers to a period between two events.
The project is on hold. In the meantime, we can plan the next phase.
Проект приостановлен. Тем временем мы можем спланировать следующий этап.
"In the meantime" refers to a period between two events.
He is waiting for a visa. In the meantime, he is learning the language.
Он ждёт визу. Тем временем он учит язык.
"In the meantime" connects a temporary situation to a later event.
The new system is being tested. In the meantime, we are using the old one.
Новая система тестируется. Тем временем мы используем старую.
"In the meantime" refers to a period between two events.
She is looking for a job. In the meantime, she is doing freelance work.
Она ищет работу. Тем временем она занимается фрилансом.
"In the meantime" connects a temporary situation to a later event.
The house is being renovated. In the meantime, they are staying with friends.
Дом ремонтируется. Тем временем они живут у друзей.
"In the meantime" refers to a period between two events.
He is waiting for the results. In the meantime, he is trying to relax.
Он ждёт результатов. Тем временем он пытается расслабиться.
"In the meantime" connects a temporary situation to a later event.
Sentence-level connectors such as however and therefore differ grammatically from coordinating conjunctions such as but and so.
For example, The plan was expensive, but we approved it versus The plan was expensive; however, we approved it.
The plan was expensive, but we approved it.
План был дорогим, но мы его одобрили.
"But" is a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses with a comma.
The plan was expensive; however, we approved it.
План был дорогим; однако мы его одобрили.
"However" is a sentence connector requiring a semicolon or full stop.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
"So" is a coordinating conjunction joining clauses with a comma.
It was raining; therefore, we stayed home.
Шёл дождь; поэтому мы остались дома.
"Therefore" is a sentence connector requiring a semicolon or full stop.
She studied hard, and she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась, и она сдала экзамен.
"And" is a coordinating conjunction joining clauses with a comma.
She studied hard. Moreover, she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась. Более того, она сдала экзамен.
"Moreover" is a sentence connector, not a coordinating conjunction.
He was tired, yet he continued working.
Он устал, но продолжал работать.
"Yet" is a coordinating conjunction joining clauses with a comma.
He was tired. Nevertheless, he continued working.
Он устал. Тем не менее он продолжал работать.
"Nevertheless" is a sentence connector requiring a full stop or semicolon.
Many sentence connectors require punctuation that reflects their role as parenthetical or sentence-level expressions rather than ordinary conjunctions.
For example, The plan was expensive; however, we approved it. A comma alone should not normally join the two independent clauses.
The plan was expensive; however, we approved it.
План был дорогим; однако мы его одобрили.
A semicolon is used before "however".
It was raining. Therefore, we stayed home.
Шёл дождь. Поэтому мы остались дома.
A full stop is used before "Therefore".
The task was difficult; nevertheless, we completed it.
Задача была трудной; тем не менее мы её выполнили.
A semicolon is used before "nevertheless".
The evidence was weak. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
A full stop is used before "Consequently".
The data were incomplete; thus, further research was required.
Данные были неполными; таким образом, потребовалось дальнейшее исследование.
A semicolon is used before "thus".
She studied hard. As a result, she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась. В результате она сдала экзамен.
A full stop is used before "As a result".
The weather was bad; however, we enjoyed the trip.
Погода была плохой; однако нам понравилась поездка.
A semicolon is used before "however".
He missed the bus. Therefore, he was late.
Он опоздал на автобус. Поэтому он опоздал.
A full stop is used before "Therefore".
Linking expressions vary in register, with some being common in conversation and others strongly associated with formal or academic writing.
For example, also and but are common in conversation, while moreover, furthermore, hence, and consequently are more formal.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
"So" is common in conversation.
The evidence was insufficient. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательств было недостаточно. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
"Consequently" is formal and academic.
The plan is expensive. Moreover, it is impractical.
План дорогой. Более того, он непрактичен.
"Moreover" is formal and academic.
It was raining, but we went for a walk.
Шёл дождь, но мы пошли гулять.
"But" is common in conversation.
The sample was small; hence, the results were inconclusive.
Выборка была маленькой; следовательно, результаты были неубедительными.
"Hence" is formal and academic.
She was tired. Nevertheless, she continued working.
Она устала. Тем не менее она продолжала работать.
"Nevertheless" is formal and academic.
The car is old, but it runs well.
Машина старая, но она хорошо едет.
"But" is common in conversation.
The data were incomplete; thus, further research was required.
Данные были неполными; таким образом, потребовалось дальнейшее исследование.
"Thus" is formal and academic.
Choose a linking expression according to the logical relationship between ideas rather than treating transitional expressions as interchangeable.
Contrast requires expressions such as however or nevertheless, while result requires expressions such as therefore or consequently.
The task was difficult. However, we completed it on time.
Задача была трудной. Однако мы выполнили её вовремя.
Contrast requires a connector such as "however".
The roads were closed; therefore, we stayed home.
Дороги были закрыты; поэтому мы остались дома.
Result requires a connector such as "therefore".
The method is inexpensive. Moreover, it is easy to implement.
Метод недорогой. Более того, он прост в реализации.
Addition requires a connector such as "moreover".
Many languages have grammatical gender. For example, German and French.
Многие языки имеют грамматический род. Например, немецкий и французский.
Example requires a connector such as "for example".
The evidence was insufficient. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательств было недостаточно. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
Result requires a connector such as "consequently".
The journey was difficult. Nevertheless, we enjoyed it.
Путешествие было трудным. Тем не менее нам понравилось.
Contrast requires a connector such as "nevertheless".
The company lost several clients. As a result, it reduced its staff.
Компания потеряла несколько клиентов. В результате она сократила персонал.
Result requires a connector such as "as a result".
The plan is expensive. Furthermore, it would take several months to complete.
План дорогой. Кроме того, его выполнение займёт несколько месяцев.
Addition requires a connector such as "furthermore".
Too many transitional expressions can make writing repetitive, mechanical, or unnecessarily formal.
Use a linking word when the logical relationship needs to be made explicit rather than inserting a connector into every sentence.
The results were positive. The method is reliable.
Результаты были положительными. Метод надёжен.
No connector is used; the relationship is clear from context.
The results were positive. However, the sample was small.
Результаты были положительными. Однако выборка была маленькой.
"However" is used because the contrast needs to be explicit.
The company expanded rapidly. It hired more staff.
Компания быстро расширилась. Она наняла больше сотрудников.
No connector is used; the sequence is clear.
The company expanded rapidly. As a result, it hired more staff.
Компания быстро расширилась. В результате она наняла больше сотрудников.
"As a result" makes the consequence explicit.
The evidence was weak. The case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми. Дело было закрыто.
No connector is used; the relationship is implied.
The evidence was weak. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
"Consequently" makes the result explicit.
The book is long. It is interesting.
Книга длинная. Она интересная.
No connector is used; the contrast is implied.
The book is long. However, it is interesting.
Книга длинная. Однако она интересная.
"However" makes the contrast explicit.
Use linking words with the correct logical meaning, grammatical role, punctuation, and register.
Common mistakes include treating however as but, using therefore as a subordinating conjunction, joining independent clauses with only a comma, choosing the wrong connector for the relationship, and overusing formal expressions.
The plan was expensive, but we approved it.
План был дорогим, но мы его одобрили.
Correct: "but" is a coordinating conjunction.
The plan was expensive; however, we approved it.
План был дорогим; однако мы его одобрили.
Correct: "however" requires a semicolon or full stop.
It was late, so we left.
Было поздно, поэтому мы ушли.
Correct: "so" is a coordinating conjunction.
It was late; therefore, we left.
Было поздно; поэтому мы ушли.
Correct: "therefore" is a sentence connector.
The evidence was weak. Consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми. Следовательно, дело было закрыто.
Correct: "Consequently" introduces a result.
The evidence was weak, consequently, the case was dismissed.
Доказательства были слабыми, следовательно, дело было закрыто.
Incorrect: comma splice with "consequently".
The method is expensive. However, it is effective.
Метод дорогой. Однако он эффективен.
Correct: "However" introduces a contrast.
The method is expensive, however, it is effective.
Метод дорогой, однако он эффективен.
Incorrect: comma splice with "however".