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Using conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses.
Practice: build the sentences →Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and show how those clauses relate to a main clause.
Common relationships include time, cause, condition, contrast, concession, purpose, and comparison.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
"Because" introduces a dependent clause showing cause.
Although she was tired, she continued working.
Хотя она устала, она продолжала работать.
"Although" introduces a dependent clause showing contrast.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
"If" introduces a dependent clause showing condition.
Call me when you arrive.
Позвони мне, когда приедешь.
"When" introduces a dependent clause showing time.
I left early so that I could catch the train.
Я ушёл рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.
"So that" introduces a dependent clause showing purpose.
He spoke as if he knew everything.
Он говорил так, как будто знал всё.
"As if" introduces a dependent clause showing comparison.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
"Unless" introduces a dependent clause showing negative condition.
Even though he was tired, he continued working.
Даже хотя он устал, он продолжал работать.
"Even though" introduces a dependent clause showing strong concession.
A clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction normally depends on another clause to form a complete sentence.
For example, because she was tired is dependent, while She went home because she was tired is complete.
She went home because she was tired.
Она пошла домой, потому что устала.
"because she was tired" is a dependent clause attached to the main clause.
Because she was tired.
Потому что она устала.
This is a fragment when used alone; it needs a main clause.
We stayed home although it was sunny.
Мы остались дома, хотя было солнечно.
"although it was sunny" is a dependent clause attached to the main clause.
Although it was sunny.
Хотя было солнечно.
This is a fragment when used alone; it needs a main clause.
I will call you when I arrive.
Я позвоню тебе, когда приеду.
"when I arrive" is a dependent clause attached to the main clause.
When I arrive.
Когда я приеду.
This is a fragment when used alone; it needs a main clause.
She smiled as if she knew the answer.
Она улыбнулась, как будто знала ответ.
"as if she knew the answer" is a dependent clause attached to the main clause.
As if she knew the answer.
Как будто она знала ответ.
This is a fragment when used alone; it needs a main clause.
Because introduces a subordinate clause giving the reason for an action, event, or state.
For example, We stayed home because it was raining.
We stayed home because it was raining.
Мы остались дома, потому что шёл дождь.
"Because" introduces the reason for staying home.
She was happy because she passed the exam.
Она была счастлива, потому что сдала экзамен.
"Because" introduces the reason for her happiness.
He apologized because he was late.
Он извинился, потому что опоздал.
"Because" introduces the reason for apologizing.
I called you because I needed help.
Я позвонил тебе, потому что мне нужна была помощь.
"Because" introduces the reason for calling.
They left early because they were tired.
Они ушли рано, потому что устали.
"Because" introduces the reason for leaving early.
She smiled because she had good news.
Она улыбнулась, потому что у неё были хорошие новости.
"Because" introduces the reason for smiling.
We took a taxi because we were late.
Мы взяли такси, потому что опаздывали.
"Because" introduces the reason for taking a taxi.
He was nervous because it was his first interview.
Он нервничал, потому что это было его первое собеседование.
"Because" introduces the reason for nervousness.
Although introduces a subordinate clause that contrasts with the main clause.
For example, Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Although" introduces a contrast with the main clause.
Although she was tired, she continued working.
Хотя она устала, она продолжала работать.
"Although" introduces a contrast with the main clause.
Although he studied hard, he still failed.
Хотя он усердно учился, он всё равно провалился.
"Although" introduces an unexpected contrast.
Although it was late, we decided to go out.
Хотя было поздно, мы решили пойти гулять.
"Although" introduces a contrast with the decision.
Although she is young, she is very experienced.
Хотя она молода, она очень опытна.
"Although" introduces a contrast between youth and experience.
Although the book was long, it was interesting.
Хотя книга была длинной, она была интересной.
"Although" introduces a contrast between length and interest.
Although he was busy, he found time to help.
Хотя он был занят, он нашёл время помочь.
"Although" introduces a contrast between being busy and helping.
Although she was angry, she remained calm.
Хотя она злилась, она оставалась спокойной.
"Although" introduces a contrast between anger and calmness.
Though can introduce a contrast clause and is generally less formal or more conversational than although.
For example, Though it was late, we continued working.
Though it was late, we continued working.
Хотя было поздно, мы продолжали работать.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause, less formal than "although".
Though she was tired, she finished the project.
Хотя она устала, она закончила проект.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though he was tired, he continued working.
Хотя он устал, он продолжал работать.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though the book was long, it was fascinating.
Хотя книга была длинной, она была увлекательной.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though she was young, she was very experienced.
Хотя она была молодой, она была очень опытной.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though he was busy, he found time to help.
Хотя он был занят, он нашёл время помочь.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Though she was angry, she remained calm.
Хотя она злилась, она оставалась спокойной.
"Though" introduces a contrast clause.
Even though introduces a stronger contrast or concession than ordinary although or though.
For example, Even though he was tired, he continued working.
Even though he was tired, he continued working.
Даже хотя он устал, он продолжал работать.
"Even though" introduces a strong contrast or concession.
Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.
Даже хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Even though" introduces a strong contrast.
Even though she studied hard, she still failed.
Даже хотя она усердно училась, она всё равно провалилась.
"Even though" emphasizes the unexpected failure.
Even though he was busy, he found time to help.
Даже хотя он был занят, он нашёл время помочь.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between being busy and helping.
Even though the car is old, it runs perfectly.
Даже хотя машина старая, она работает отлично.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between age and performance.
Even though she was angry, she remained calm.
Даже хотя она злилась, она оставалась спокойной.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between anger and calmness.
Even though it was late, we decided to go out.
Даже хотя было поздно, мы решили пойти гулять.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast with the late hour.
Even though she was tired, she finished the project.
Даже хотя она устала, она закончила проект.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between tiredness and finishing.
If introduces a condition on which the main clause depends.
For example, If it rains, we will stay home.
If it rains, we will stay home.
Если пойдёт дождь, мы останемся дома.
"If" introduces a condition for staying home.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
"If" introduces a condition for passing.
If I had time, I would help you.
Если бы у меня было время, я бы помог тебе.
"If" introduces a hypothetical condition.
If she calls, tell her I am out.
Если она позвонит, скажи, что меня нет.
"If" introduces a condition for the instruction.
If you are hungry, there is food in the fridge.
Если ты голоден, еда в холодильнике.
"If" introduces a condition for the statement.
If it snows, we will go skiing.
Если пойдёт снег, мы пойдём кататься на лыжах.
"If" introduces a condition for skiing.
If you need help, just ask.
Если тебе нужна помощь, просто попроси.
"If" introduces a condition for asking.
If he apologizes, she will forgive him.
Если он извинится, она его простит.
"If" introduces a condition for forgiveness.
Unless introduces a negative condition and is often equivalent to if ... not.
For example, Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
"Unless" means "if you do not hurry".
Unless it rains, we will go for a walk.
Если не пойдёт дождь, мы пойдём гулять.
"Unless" means "if it does not rain".
Unless you study, you will fail.
Если ты не будешь учиться, ты провалишься.
"Unless" means "if you do not study".
Unless she apologizes, I will not speak to her.
Если она не извинится, я не буду с ней разговаривать.
"Unless" means "if she does not apologize".
Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.
Если мы не уйдём сейчас, мы опоздаем на поезд.
"Unless" means "if we do not leave now".
Unless you have a ticket, you cannot enter.
Если у тебя нет билета, ты не можешь войти.
"Unless" means "if you do not have a ticket".
Unless he calls, we will assume he is not coming.
Если он не позвонит, мы будем считать, что он не придёт.
"Unless" means "if he does not call".
Unless you practice, you will not improve.
Если ты не будешь практиковаться, ты не улучшишься.
"Unless" means "if you do not practice".
When introduces a clause describing the time at which an event or situation occurs.
For example, Call me when you arrive.
Call me when you arrive.
Позвони мне, когда приедешь.
"When" introduces a time clause for the call.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
"When" introduces the time of leaving.
I will call you when I arrive.
Я позвоню тебе, когда приеду.
"When" introduces the time of calling.
When it started raining, we went inside.
Когда начался дождь, мы вошли внутрь.
"When" introduces the time of going inside.
She was happy when she heard the news.
Она была счастлива, когда услышала новость.
"When" introduces the time of being happy.
When you finish your work, let me know.
Когда закончишь работу, дай мне знать.
"When" introduces the time for letting know.
He smiled when he saw her.
Он улыбнулся, когда увидел её.
"When" introduces the time of smiling.
When the sun set, the sky turned orange.
Когда солнце село, небо стало оранжевым.
"When" introduces the time of the sky turning orange.
While can introduce a clause describing simultaneous time or contrast.
For example, She listened while I was speaking and While I prefer tea, my brother prefers coffee.
She listened while I was speaking.
Она слушала, пока я говорил.
"While" introduces a simultaneous time clause.
While I prefer tea, my brother prefers coffee.
В то время как я предпочитаю чай, мой брат предпочитает кофе.
"While" introduces a contrast clause.
While she was cooking, he set the table.
Пока она готовила, он накрывал на стол.
"While" introduces two simultaneous actions.
While I was reading, the phone rang.
Пока я читал, зазвонил телефон.
"While" introduces an ongoing action interrupted by another.
While they were talking, I made coffee.
Пока они разговаривали, я приготовил кофе.
"While" introduces a simultaneous action.
While he is very organized, she is quite messy.
В то время как он очень организованный, она довольно неаккуратная.
"While" introduces a contrast clause.
While the children played, we talked.
Пока дети играли, мы разговаривали.
"While" introduces simultaneous actions.
While I enjoy reading, my brother prefers sports.
В то время как я люблю читать, мой брат предпочитает спорт.
"While" introduces a contrast clause.
Before introduces a clause describing an action or event that occurs earlier than the main clause event.
For example, Wash your hands before you eat.
Wash your hands before you eat.
Помой руки перед тем, как есть.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
Call me before you leave.
Позвони мне перед тем, как уйдёшь.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
Before you go, say goodbye.
Перед тем как уйти, попрощайся.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
I will call you before I leave.
Я позвоню тебе перед тем, как уйду.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
Before it rains, we should leave.
Перед тем как пойдёт дождь, нам следует уйти.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
She studied before she took the exam.
Она училась перед тем, как сдавать экзамен.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
Before we go, let us check the tickets.
Перед тем как уйти, давайте проверим билеты.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
He had breakfast before he went to work.
Он позавтракал перед тем, как пойти на работу.
"Before" introduces an earlier action.
After introduces a clause describing an action or event that occurs later than the subordinate-clause event.
For example, We went home after the meeting ended.
We went home after the meeting ended.
Мы пошли домой после того, как собрание закончилось.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
After she graduated, she found a job.
После того как она окончила университет, она нашла работу.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
We had dinner after the film ended.
Мы поужинали после того, как фильм закончился.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
After he apologized, she forgave him.
После того как он извинился, она его простила.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
She felt better after she took the medicine.
Она почувствовала себя лучше после того, как приняла лекарство.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
After the storm passed, we left the shelter.
После того как буря прошла, мы покинули укрытие.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
He went to bed after he finished his homework.
Он пошёл спать после того, как закончил домашнюю работу.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
After they arrived, we started dinner.
После того как они прибыли, мы начали ужинать.
"After" introduces an earlier event.
Until introduces the point in time up to which an action or state continues.
For example, Wait here until I come back.
Wait here until I come back.
Подожди здесь, пока я не вернусь.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which waiting continues.
She stayed until the meeting ended.
Она оставалась, пока собрание не закончилось.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which she stayed.
We waited until the rain stopped.
Мы ждали, пока дождь не прекратился.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which they waited.
He worked until he was exhausted.
Он работал, пока не выдохся.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which he worked.
Keep going until you reach the station.
Продолжай идти, пока не достигнешь станции.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which to keep going.
She read until she fell asleep.
Она читала, пока не заснула.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which she read.
They talked until the sun came up.
Они разговаривали, пока не взошло солнце.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which they talked.
Wait until the light turns green.
Подожди, пока не загорится зелёный свет.
"Until" introduces the point in time up to which to wait.
Since can introduce either a starting point in time or a reason, depending on context.
For example, I have lived here since I graduated expresses time, while Since you are here, we can begin expresses reason.
I have lived here since I graduated.
Я живу здесь с тех пор, как окончил университет.
"Since" introduces a starting point in time.
Since you are here, we can begin.
Поскольку ты здесь, мы можем начать.
"Since" introduces a reason.
She has been working here since 2015.
Она работает здесь с 2015 года.
"Since" introduces a starting point in time.
Since it was late, we went home.
Поскольку было поздно, мы пошли домой.
"Since" introduces a reason.
I have not seen him since he moved away.
Я не видел его с тех пор, как он уехал.
"Since" introduces a starting point in time.
Since you have experience, you should lead the project.
Поскольку у тебя есть опыт, ты должен возглавить проект.
"Since" introduces a reason.
We have been friends since we were children.
Мы друзья с детства.
"Since" introduces a starting point in time.
Since the weather was bad, we stayed indoors.
Поскольку погода была плохой, мы остались дома.
"Since" introduces a reason.
As can introduce subordinate clauses expressing time, reason, or manner.
For example, As I was leaving, he called; As it was late, we went home; and Do it as I showed you.
As I was leaving, he called.
Когда я уходил, он позвонил.
"As" introduces a time clause.
As it was late, we went home.
Поскольку было поздно, мы пошли домой.
"As" introduces a cause clause.
Do it as I showed you.
Сделай это так, как я тебе показал.
"As" introduces a manner clause.
As she was tired, she went to bed early.
Поскольку она устала, она рано легла спать.
"As" introduces a cause clause.
As he opened the door, the lights went out.
Когда он открыл дверь, свет погас.
"As" introduces a time clause.
Leave the room as you found it.
Оставь комнату такой, какой ты её нашёл.
"As" introduces a manner clause.
As you know, the meeting is cancelled.
Как ты знаешь, собрание отменено.
"As" introduces a manner or reference clause.
As the sun set, the sky turned orange.
Когда солнце садилось, небо стало оранжевым.
"As" introduces a time clause.
Once introduces a condition or time relationship meaning after or when a particular condition has been fulfilled.
For example, Once the work is finished, we can go home.
Once the work is finished, we can go home.
Как только работа будет закончена, мы можем пойти домой.
"Once" introduces a condition or time relationship.
Once you start, you cannot stop.
Как только ты начнёшь, ты не сможешь остановиться.
"Once" introduces a time/condition relationship.
Once she decides, she never changes her mind.
Как только она решает, она никогда не меняет своего мнения.
"Once" introduces a time/condition relationship.
Once you have seen it, you will understand.
Как только ты это увидишь, ты поймёшь.
"Once" introduces a time/condition relationship.
Once the meeting ended, everyone left.
Как только собрание закончилось, все ушли.
"Once" introduces a time relationship.
Once you learn the basics, it becomes easier.
Как только ты освоишь основы, становится легче.
"Once" introduces a time/condition relationship.
Once the sun set, it got cold.
Как только солнце село, стало холодно.
"Once" introduces a time relationship.
Once she apologized, he forgave her.
Как только она извинилась, он её простил.
"Once" introduces a time relationship.
As soon as introduces an event that occurs immediately or very shortly after another event.
For example, Call me as soon as you arrive.
Call me as soon as you arrive.
Позвони мне, как только приедешь.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
As soon as the meeting ended, we left.
Как только собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
She called as soon as she heard the news.
Она позвонила, как только услышала новость.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
As soon as it stops raining, we will go out.
Как только дождь прекратится, мы пойдём гулять.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
He left as soon as he finished his work.
Он ушёл, как только закончил работу.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
As soon as the sun rose, the birds began to sing.
Как только солнце взошло, птицы начали петь.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
I will call you as soon as I get home.
Я позвоню тебе, как только доберусь домой.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
She smiled as soon as she saw him.
Она улыбнулась, как только увидела его.
"As soon as" introduces an event immediately after another.
Whenever introduces a repeated or indefinite time relationship meaning at any time when.
For example, Call me whenever you need help.
Call me whenever you need help.
Позвони мне, когда бы тебе ни понадобилась помощь.
"Whenever" introduces a repeated or indefinite time relationship.
Whenever it rains, we stay home.
Всякий раз, когда идёт дождь, мы остаёмся дома.
"Whenever" introduces a repeated time relationship.
She visits us whenever she is in town.
Она навещает нас всякий раз, когда бывает в городе.
"Whenever" introduces an indefinite time relationship.
Whenever I see him, he is always smiling.
Всякий раз, когда я его вижу, он всегда улыбается.
"Whenever" introduces a repeated time relationship.
You can come whenever you like.
Ты можешь приходить, когда хочешь.
"Whenever" introduces an indefinite time relationship.
Whenever she is tired, she takes a nap.
Всякий раз, когда она устаёт, она вздремнёт.
"Whenever" introduces a repeated time relationship.
He calls me whenever he has good news.
Он звонит мне всякий раз, когда у него хорошие новости.
"Whenever" introduces an indefinite time relationship.
Whenever you are ready, we can start.
Когда будешь готов, мы можем начать.
"Whenever" introduces an indefinite time relationship.
Wherever introduces an indefinite place relationship meaning in or to any place where.
For example, Wherever you go, I will support you.
Wherever you go, I will support you.
Куда бы ты ни пошёл, я буду тебя поддерживать.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
Wherever she goes, she makes friends easily.
Куда бы она ни пошла, она легко заводит друзей.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
You can sit wherever you like.
Ты можешь сесть, где хочешь.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
Wherever he travels, he always takes his camera.
Куда бы он ни путешествовал, он всегда берёт с собой фотоаппарат.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
Wherever you are, stay safe.
Где бы ты ни был, будь в безопасности.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
She finds happiness wherever she goes.
Она находит счастье, куда бы ни пошла.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
Wherever they live, they always plant a garden.
Где бы они ни жили, они всегда сажают сад.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
You will be welcome wherever you go.
Тебе будут рады, куда бы ты ни пошёл.
"Wherever" introduces an indefinite place relationship.
As long as introduces a condition that must continue or be satisfied for the main clause to apply.
For example, You can stay as long as you are quiet.
You can stay as long as you are quiet.
Ты можешь остаться, при условии что ты тихий.
"As long as" introduces a condition that must be satisfied.
As long as you study hard, you will succeed.
Пока ты усердно учишься, ты добьёшься успеха.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
I will help you as long as you ask nicely.
Я помогу тебе, если ты вежливо попросишь.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
As long as it does not rain, we will go for a walk.
Если не будет дождя, мы пойдём гулять.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Ты можешь взять мою машину, при условии что будешь ехать осторожно.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
As long as we are together, everything will be fine.
Пока мы вместе, всё будет хорошо.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
She will support you as long as you are honest.
Она будет тебя поддерживать, пока ты честен.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
As long as you arrive before noon, you will not miss the meeting.
Если ты прибудешь до полудня, ты не пропустишь собрание.
"As long as" introduces a condition.
Provided that and providing that introduce conditions under which something is allowed or considered possible.
For example, You can borrow the car provided that you return it before midnight.
You can borrow the car provided that you return it before midnight.
Ты можешь взять машину при условии, что вернёшь её до полуночи.
"Provided that" introduces a condition.
Providing that everyone agrees, we will proceed.
При условии, что все согласны, мы продолжим.
"Providing that" introduces a condition.
You can stay provided you keep quiet.
Ты можешь остаться при условии, что будешь тихим.
"Provided" introduces a condition.
Providing you study hard, you will pass.
При условии, что ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
"Providing" introduces a condition.
The event will go ahead provided that the weather improves.
Мероприятие состоится при условии, что погода улучшится.
"Provided that" introduces a condition.
You can use my laptop providing you are careful.
Ты можешь пользоваться моим ноутбуком при условии, что будешь осторожен.
"Providing" introduces a condition.
Provided that the funds are available, the project will start.
При условии, что средства доступны, проект начнётся.
"Provided that" introduces a condition.
Providing that you apologize, she will forgive you.
При условии, что ты извинишься, она тебя простит.
"Providing that" introduces a condition.
In case introduces a precaution describing a possible future situation against which action is taken.
For example, Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Возьми зонт на случай, если пойдёт дождь.
"In case" introduces a precaution against a possible future situation.
I will bring some extra money in case we need it.
Я возьму немного дополнительных денег на случай, если они понадобятся.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
She took a map in case she got lost.
Она взяла карту на случай, если заблудится.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
Bring a jacket in case it gets cold.
Возьми куртку на случай, если похолодает.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
Save some food in case the guests arrive hungry.
Оставь немного еды на случай, если гости придут голодными.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
I will write it down in case I forget.
Я запишу это на случай, если забуду.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
Take a spare battery in case the camera dies.
Возьми запасную батарею на случай, если камера разрядится.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
We left early in case there was traffic.
Мы ушли рано на случай, если будут пробки.
"In case" introduces a precaution.
So that introduces a subordinate clause expressing purpose or intended result.
For example, I left early so that I could catch the train.
I left early so that I could catch the train.
Я ушёл рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
She spoke slowly so that everyone could understand.
Она говорила медленно, чтобы все могли понять.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
He studied hard so that he would pass the exam.
Он усердно учился, чтобы сдать экзамен.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
They left early so that they would not miss the beginning.
Они ушли рано, чтобы не пропустить начало.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
I turned off the light so that we could sleep.
Я выключил свет, чтобы мы могли спать.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
She saved money so that she could buy a car.
Она копила деньги, чтобы купить машину.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
He whispered so that no one would hear.
Он прошептал, чтобы никто не услышал.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
Мы приехали рано, чтобы занять хорошие места.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
In order that introduces a formal purpose clause.
For example, The system was redesigned in order that users could access the service more easily.
The system was redesigned in order that users could access the service more easily.
Система была переработана, чтобы пользователи могли легче получить доступ к сервису.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
She spoke clearly in order that everyone might understand.
Она говорила чётко, чтобы все могли понять.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
He left early in order that he might catch the train.
Он ушёл рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
They provided extra training in order that the staff could perform better.
Они провели дополнительное обучение, чтобы персонал мог работать лучше.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
She adjusted the settings in order that the machine would not overheat.
Она настроила параметры, чтобы машина не перегревалась.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
The rules were changed in order that all participants might compete fairly.
Правила были изменены, чтобы все участники могли соревноваться честно.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
He repeated the instructions in order that no one would misunderstand.
Он повторил инструкции, чтобы никто не misunderstood.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
They arrived early in order that they might get the best seats.
Они приехали рано, чтобы занять лучшие места.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
Whereas introduces a subordinate clause that contrasts one situation with another.
For example, John prefers working alone, whereas Mary enjoys teamwork.
John prefers working alone, whereas Mary enjoys teamwork.
Джон предпочитает работать один, тогда как Мэри любит командную работу.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two situations.
The first option is cheap, whereas the second is expensive.
Первый вариант дешёвый, тогда как второй дорогой.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two options.
She is very organized, whereas her brother is quite messy.
Она очень организованная, тогда как её брат довольно неаккуратный.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two people.
Some people enjoy cities, whereas others prefer the countryside.
Некоторые люди любят города, тогда как другие предпочитают сельскую местность.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two groups.
The north is cold, whereas the south is warm.
Север холодный, тогда как юг тёплый.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two regions.
He is very outgoing, whereas his sister is shy.
Он очень общительный, тогда как его сестра застенчивая.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two personalities.
The book is optimistic, whereas the film is quite dark.
Книга оптимистичная, тогда как фильм довольно мрачный.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two media.
The old system was slow, whereas the new one is very fast.
Старая система была медленной, тогда как новая очень быстрая.
"Whereas" introduces a contrast between two systems.
Even if introduces a condition that does not change the result expressed by the main clause.
For example, Even if it rains, we will go ahead with the event.
Even if it rains, we will go ahead with the event.
Даже если пойдёт дождь, мы проведём мероприятие.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if you apologize, she will not forgive you.
Даже если ты извинишься, она тебя не простит.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if I had time, I would not help him.
Даже если бы у меня было время, я бы ему не помог.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if you study all night, you will not pass.
Даже если ты будешь учиться всю ночь, ты не сдашь.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if it is cold, we will go for a walk.
Даже если будет холодно, мы пойдём гулять.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if he offers more money, I will not sell.
Даже если он предложит больше денег, я не продам.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if you are right, you should apologize.
Даже если ты прав, тебе следует извиниться.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
Even if the weather is bad, the event will take place.
Даже если погода будет плохой, мероприятие состоится.
"Even if" introduces a condition that does not change the result.
As if and as though introduce clauses describing an appearance or comparison that may be hypothetical or unreal.
For example, He talks as if he knew everything and She looked as though she had seen a ghost.
He talks as if he knew everything.
Он говорит так, как будто знает всё.
"As if" introduces a hypothetical or unreal comparison.
She looked as though she had seen a ghost.
Она выглядела так, как будто увидела призрака.
"As though" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
He acts as if he owns the place.
Он ведёт себя так, как будто владеет этим местом.
"As if" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
She spoke as though she were angry.
Она говорила так, как будто была сердита.
"As though" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
Похоже, будто собирается дождь.
"As if" introduces a comparison of appearance.
He behaved as though nothing had happened.
Он вёл себя так, как будто ничего не произошло.
"As though" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
She treats him as if he were a child.
Она обращается с ним так, как будто он ребёнок.
"As if" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
He looked as though he had not slept for days.
Он выглядел так, как будто не спал несколько дней.
"As though" introduces a hypothetical comparison.
Supposing can introduce a hypothetical condition or imagined situation.
For example, Supposing you lost your passport, what would you do?
Supposing you lost your passport, what would you do?
Предположим, ты потерял паспорт, что бы ты сделал?
"Supposing" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing that it rains, will the event still take place?
Предположим, пойдёт дождь, мероприятие всё равно состоится?
"Supposing that" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing you were offered the job, would you accept it?
Предположим, тебе предложили работу, ты бы согласился?
"Supposing" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing that we miss the train, what will we do?
Предположим, мы опоздаем на поезд, что мы будем делать?
"Supposing that" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing you had more time, how would you spend it?
Предположим, у тебя было бы больше времени, как бы ты его провёл?
"Supposing" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing that the plan fails, what is our backup?
Предположим, план провалится, каков наш запасной вариант?
"Supposing that" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing she does not come, will you be disappointed?
Предположим, она не придёт, ты будешь разочарован?
"Supposing" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Supposing that you could travel anywhere, where would you go?
Предположим, ты мог бы поехать куда угодно, куда бы ты поехал?
"Supposing that" introduces a hypothetical condition.
Lest introduces a clause expressing a negative purpose or precaution and is mainly found in formal or literary English.
For example, He spoke quietly lest anyone should hear him.
He spoke quietly lest anyone should hear him.
Он говорил тихо, чтобы никто его не услышал.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose in formal or literary English.
She tiptoed lest she wake the baby.
Она ходила на цыпочках, чтобы не разбудить ребёнка.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
He was careful lest he make a mistake.
Он был осторожен, чтобы не совершить ошибку.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
They left early lest they miss the train.
Они ушли рано, чтобы не опоздать на поезд.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
She said nothing lest she reveal the secret.
Она ничего не сказала, чтобы не выдать секрет.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
He checked the door twice lest he forget to lock it.
Он дважды проверил дверь, чтобы не забыть запереть её.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
They whispered lest anyone overhear their conversation.
Они шептались, чтобы никто не подслушал их разговор.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
He avoided the subject lest it cause an argument.
Он избегал этой темы, чтобы не вызвать ссору.
"Lest" introduces a negative purpose.
A subordinate clause can come before the main clause, and a comma is commonly used after it when it establishes the context for the main clause.
For example, Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
Before you go, say goodbye.
Перед тем как уйти, попрощайся.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
After she graduated, she found a job.
После того как она окончила университет, она нашла работу.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
Since you are here, we can begin.
Поскольку ты здесь, мы можем начать.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
The subordinate clause comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
A subordinate clause can follow the main clause, often without a comma when it forms an integrated part of the sentence.
For example, We stayed home because it was raining.
We stayed home because it was raining.
Мы остались дома, потому что шёл дождь.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
We went for a walk although it was raining.
Мы пошли гулять, хотя шёл дождь.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
You will pass if you study hard.
Ты сдашь, если будешь усердно учиться.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
We left when the meeting ended.
Мы ушли, когда собрание закончилось.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
Say goodbye before you go.
Попрощайся перед тем, как уйти.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
She found a job after she graduated.
Она нашла работу после того, как окончила университет.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
We can begin since you are here.
Мы можем начать, поскольку ты здесь.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
You will be late unless you hurry.
Ты опоздаешь, если не поторопишься.
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without a comma.
Many subordinating expressions can be followed by finite clauses, while some related expressions require nouns or gerunds instead.
For example, because he was late contrasts with because of his lateness, and although it was raining contrasts with despite the rain.
because he was late
потому что он опоздал
"Because" is followed by a finite clause.
because of his lateness
из-за его опоздания
"Because of" is followed by a noun phrase.
although it was raining
хотя шёл дождь
"Although" is followed by a finite clause.
despite the rain
несмотря на дождь
"Despite" is followed by a noun phrase.
if you study hard
если ты будешь усердно учиться
"If" is followed by a finite clause.
in case of emergency
в случае чрезвычайной ситуации
"In case of" is followed by a noun phrase.
while she was cooking
пока она готовила
"While" is followed by a finite clause.
during the meeting
во время собрания
"During" is followed by a noun phrase.
Some words function as subordinating conjunctions before clauses but as prepositions or other structures in related expressions.
For example, before we leave contains a clause, while before lunch is followed by a noun phrase.
before we leave
перед тем, как мы уйдём
"Before" functions as a subordinating conjunction before a clause.
before lunch
перед обедом
"Before" functions as a preposition before a noun phrase.
after the meeting ended
после того, как собрание закончилось
"After" functions as a subordinating conjunction before a clause.
after the meeting
после собрания
"After" functions as a preposition before a noun phrase.
since he arrived
с тех пор, как он прибыл
"Since" functions as a subordinating conjunction before a clause.
since 2015
с 2015 года
"Since" functions as a preposition before a noun phrase.
until she comes back
пока она не вернётся
"Until" functions as a subordinating conjunction before a clause.
until midnight
до полуночи
"Until" functions as a preposition before a noun phrase.
Different subordinating conjunctions vary in frequency and formality.
Because, if, when, and although are common across registers, while lest and in order that are more formal.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
"Because" is common across registers.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
"If" is common across registers.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
"When" is common across registers.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Although" is common across registers.
He spoke quietly lest anyone should hear him.
Он говорил тихо, чтобы никто его не услышал.
"Lest" is formal and literary.
The system was redesigned in order that users could access the service more easily.
Система была переработана, чтобы пользователи могли легче получить доступ к сервису.
"In order that" is formal.
You can stay as long as you are quiet.
Ты можешь остаться, при условии что ты тихий.
"As long as" is neutral and common in conversation.
Provided that the funds are available, the project will start.
При условии, что средства доступны, проект начнётся.
"Provided that" is formal.
Use the subordinating conjunction that expresses the intended relationship and attach the resulting dependent clause correctly.
Common mistakes include creating sentence fragments, confusing unless with if, using because with an already complete noun phrase, confusing since as time or reason, and using in case as a direct equivalent of if.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
Correct: dependent clause attached to main clause.
Because it was raining.
Поскольку шёл дождь.
Incorrect: fragment; dependent clause stands alone.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
Correct: "unless" introduces a negative condition.
If you do not hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
Correct: "if not" is equivalent to "unless".
Because of the rain, we stayed home.
Из-за дождя мы остались дома.
Correct: "because of" is followed by a noun phrase.
Because of it was raining, we stayed home.
Из-за того, что шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
Incorrect: "because of" cannot be followed by a clause.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Возьми зонт на случай, если пойдёт дождь.
Correct: "in case" introduces a precaution.
Take an umbrella if it rains.
Возьми зонт, если пойдёт дождь.
Correct: "if" introduces a condition, not a precaution.