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Using each, either, neither and similar distributive pronouns.
Distributive pronouns refer to members of a group individually rather than collectively.
The main distributive pronouns are each, either and neither.
Each of the students received a certificate.
Каждый из студентов получил сертификат.
"Each" refers to the members of the group one by one.
Each of them chose a different color.
Каждый из них выбрал свой цвет.
"Each" is used as a pronoun because it stands without a following noun.
Either of these restaurants is good.
Любой из этих двух ресторанов подойдет.
"Either" refers to one of two available options.
Either will work for me.
Мне подойдет любой из двух.
"Either" stands alone as a pronoun.
Neither of the answers is correct.
Ни один из ответов не правильный.
"Neither" refers separately to the two answers and rejects both.
Neither was available.
Ни один из двух не был доступен.
"Neither" stands alone and refers to two previously mentioned options.
Each was given a chance to speak.
Каждому дали возможность выступить.
"Each" focuses on the individuals rather than the group as a whole.
Neither of the two candidates was selected.
Ни один из двух кандидатов не был выбран.
"Neither" identifies the two candidates as individual alternatives.
Each refers to every member of a group separately.
When used as a pronoun, each normally takes a singular verb.
Each of the employees received a bonus.
Каждый из сотрудников получил премию.
"Each" refers to every employee individually.
Each of them has a locker.
У каждого из них есть шкафчик.
"Each" is followed by a singular verb, "has".
Each was given a ticket.
Каждому дали билет.
"Each" functions as the subject and takes the singular verb "was".
Each of the players brought a water bottle.
Каждый из игроков принес бутылку воды.
"Each of the players" means every player considered separately.
The two brothers each have their own bedroom.
У каждого из двух братьев есть своя спальня.
"Each" distributes the possession over the two brothers.
The students each received a separate assignment.
Каждый студент получил отдельное задание.
"Each" emphasizes the individual distribution of the assignments.
Each of us knows the answer.
Каждый из нас знает ответ.
"Each of us" takes a singular verb, "knows".
Each was responsible for one part of the project.
Каждый отвечал за одну часть проекта.
"Each" highlights individual responsibility.
Either refers to one of two people or things.
It normally takes a singular verb and expresses a positive choice.
Either of these shirts will look good on you.
Любая из этих двух рубашек будет хорошо на тебе смотреться.
"Either" refers to one of two choices.
Either is fine with me.
Мне подойдет любой из двух.
"Either" stands alone and refers to two previously identified options.
Either of us can drive.
Любой из нас может вести машину.
"Either of us" means one or the other of two people.
Either of the two routes will get you there.
Любой из двух маршрутов приведет тебя туда.
"Either" refers to two possible routes.
Either was acceptable.
Любой из двух был приемлем.
"Either" takes the singular verb "was".
You can choose either.
Ты можешь выбрать любой из двух.
"Either" is used as a pronoun referring to two known choices.
Either of the candidates could have won.
Любой из двух кандидатов мог победить.
"Either" expresses a positive choice between two individuals.
Either will work, so choose the one you prefer.
Подойдет любой из двух, поэтому выбирай тот, который тебе нравится.
"Either" refers to one of two acceptable options.
Neither means not one and not the other of two people or things.
It normally takes a singular verb, although plural agreement sometimes occurs in informal English.
Neither of the two answers is correct.
Ни один из двух ответов не является правильным.
"Neither" means not one and not the other of two choices.
Neither is available right now.
Ни один из двух сейчас недоступен.
"Neither" stands alone and refers to two previously mentioned options.
Neither of us knows the answer.
Никто из нас двоих не знает ответа.
"Neither of us" takes the singular verb "knows".
Neither of the restaurants is open.
Ни один из двух ресторанов не открыт.
"Neither" rejects both of the two restaurants.
Neither was willing to change the plan.
Ни один из двух не хотел менять план.
"Neither" is the subject and takes singular "was".
Neither of the candidates has enough experience.
Ни у одного из двух кандидатов нет достаточного опыта.
"Neither of the candidates" takes the singular verb "has".
Neither option works for me.
Ни один из двух вариантов мне не подходит.
"Neither" can be used directly before a singular noun as a determiner.
Neither of those explanations makes sense.
Ни одно из этих двух объяснений не имеет смысла.
"Neither" takes singular "makes" in standard agreement.
Distributive pronouns emphasize individuals rather than the group as a whole.
Compare Each was given a certificate with All were given certificates.
Each student received a certificate.
Каждый студент получил сертификат.
"Each" focuses on the students individually.
All the students received certificates.
Все студенты получили сертификаты.
"All" presents the students collectively rather than individually.
Each of the guests received a separate gift.
Каждый из гостей получил отдельный подарок.
"Each" emphasizes one gift for each individual guest.
The guests received gifts as a group.
Гости получили подарки как группа.
The group is presented collectively rather than member by member.
Each employee has a different password.
У каждого сотрудника свой пароль.
"Each" distributes the situation across individual employees.
All employees have access to the building.
Все сотрудники имеют доступ в здание.
"All" emphasizes the group as a whole.
Each was asked to sign the form.
Каждого попросили подписать форму.
"Each" distributes the action to each individual.
All were asked to sign the form.
Всех попросили подписать форму.
"All" presents the participants collectively.
Distributive pronouns generally take singular verbs.
Modern English sometimes allows plural pronoun reference, especially with singular they.
Each of the players is ready.
Каждый из игроков готов.
"Each" takes the singular verb "is".
Each of us has a key.
У каждого из нас есть ключ.
"Each" takes the singular verb "has".
Either of the two options is acceptable.
Любой из двух вариантов приемлем.
"Either" normally takes singular agreement.
Neither of the answers is correct.
Ни один из ответов не правильный.
"Neither" normally takes the singular verb "is".
Everyone has their own opinion.
У каждого есть свое мнение.
"Everyone" is singular, although singular "their" may refer back to it.
Each of them has their own desk.
У каждого из них есть свой стол.
"Each" takes singular "has"; singular "their" can refer back to each individual.
Either of the candidates can win.
Любой из двух кандидатов может победить.
"Either" takes a singular subject structure.
Neither of the two machines works properly.
Ни одна из двух машин не работает нормально.
"Neither" takes the singular verb "works".
Each focuses on individuals, while every refers to all members collectively.
Each is commonly used as both a pronoun and a determiner, whereas every functions only as a determiner.
Each student received a different book.
Каждый студент получил другую книгу.
"Each" emphasizes the students individually.
Every student received a book.
Каждый студент получил книгу.
"Every" refers to all members of the group as a series of individuals, but it functions as a determiner.
Each of the students received a certificate.
Каждый из студентов получил сертификат.
"Each" can function as a pronoun in "each of the students".
Every student received a certificate.
Каждый студент получил сертификат.
"Every" must be followed by a singular noun; it cannot stand alone in standard use.
Each has a different opinion.
У каждого свое мнение.
"Each" can be used alone as a pronoun.
Every one of them has a different opinion.
У каждого из них свое мнение.
"Every one" can function as a pronoun-like expression followed by "of".
Each player chose their own jersey number.
Каждый игрок выбрал свой номер на форме.
"Each" highlights the individual action.
Every player must wear a helmet.
Каждый игрок должен носить шлем.
"Every" is commonly used for rules and general statements about a complete group.
Either expresses a positive alternative, while neither expresses a negative one.
Compare Either is acceptable with Neither is correct.
Either answer is acceptable.
Любой из двух ответов приемлем.
"Either" says that one of the two choices is acceptable.
Neither answer is correct.
Ни один из двух ответов не правильный.
"Neither" rejects both choices.
Either of these restaurants would be fine.
Любой из этих двух ресторанов подойдет.
"Either" expresses a positive alternative.
Neither of these restaurants is open.
Ни один из этих двух ресторанов не открыт.
"Neither" says that both restaurants are excluded.
Either of us can drive.
Любой из нас двоих может вести машину.
"Either" identifies one of two possible people.
Neither of us has a ticket.
Ни у одного из нас двоих нет билета.
"Neither" excludes both people.
Either will work.
Подойдет любой из двух.
"Either" refers to either of two previously identified options.
Neither will work.
Ни один из двух не подойдет.
"Neither" means both options are unsuitable.
Distributive pronouns frequently appear in coordinated structures and comparisons.
Examples include Each of them agreed and Neither of us knew the answer.
Each of them agreed with the plan.
Каждый из них согласился с планом.
"Each of them" is a common distributive structure.
Neither of us knew the answer.
Никто из нас двоих не знал ответа.
"Neither of us" refers separately to the two people.
Either of you can take the last seat.
Любой из вас двоих может занять последнее место.
"Either of you" presents two alternative people.
Each of the candidates gave a short speech.
Каждый из кандидатов произнес короткую речь.
"Each of the candidates" emphasizes the individual candidates.
Neither of the proposals addresses the main problem.
Ни одно из двух предложений не решает основную проблему.
"Neither of the proposals" takes singular agreement.
Either of these two laptops would be a good choice.
Любой из этих двух ноутбуков был бы хорошим выбором.
"Either of" is followed by a plural noun phrase.
Each of us has a different reason for being here.
У каждого из нас своя причина быть здесь.
"Each of us" takes the singular verb "has".
Neither of the managers was willing to apologize.
Ни один из двух менеджеров не хотел извиняться.
"Neither of the managers" takes singular "was".
Distributive pronouns are commonly followed by of before pronouns or noun phrases.
Examples include Each of the students, Either of you and Neither of the proposals.
Each of the students received a certificate.
Каждый из студентов получил сертификат.
"Each of" is followed by a plural noun phrase.
Each of us has a different schedule.
У каждого из нас свое расписание.
"Each of us" takes the singular verb "has".
Either of you can use my car.
Любой из вас двоих может воспользоваться моей машиной.
"Either of" is used with two alternatives.
Either of the two plans could work.
Любой из двух планов мог бы сработать.
"Either of" introduces two possible choices.
Neither of the proposals is realistic.
Ни одно из двух предложений не реалистично.
"Neither of" refers to both alternatives negatively.
Neither of them knows what happened.
Ни один из них двоих не знает, что произошло.
"Neither of them" takes singular "knows".
Each of these options has advantages.
У каждого из этих вариантов есть преимущества.
"Each of" distributes the statement across the options individually.
Either of these roads leads to downtown.
Любая из этих двух дорог ведет в центр.
"Either of these roads" identifies one of the two roads.
Modern English sometimes allows plural agreement after neither and either in informal speech, but singular agreement remains the standard.
The choice depends on style and register.
Neither of the candidates is qualified.
Ни один из кандидатов не квалифицирован.
Singular agreement with "neither" is standard in formal writing.
Neither of the candidates are qualified.
Ни один из кандидатов не квалифицирован.
Plural agreement occurs in informal usage, especially when "neither of" is followed by a plural noun phrase.
Neither of us is available this afternoon.
Ни один из нас двоих не свободен сегодня днем.
Singular "is" is the conservative standard form.
Neither of us are available this afternoon.
Ни один из нас двоих не свободен сегодня днем.
Plural agreement is heard in informal speech, especially in modern conversational English.
Either of the options is acceptable.
Любой из вариантов приемлем.
Singular agreement is standard after "either of".
Either of the options are acceptable.
Любой из вариантов приемлем.
Plural agreement may occur informally by attraction to the nearby plural noun.
Neither of the answers is correct.
Ни один из ответов не правильный.
Use singular agreement in careful and formal writing.
Neither answer is correct.
Ни один из двух ответов не правильный.
The form without "of" is concise and fully standard when referring to two known alternatives.
Use distributive pronouns with the correct meaning and agreement.
Common mistakes include confusing each with every, using plural verbs after each and misunderstanding either and neither in negative contexts.
Each of the students has a locker.
У каждого из студентов есть шкафчик.
Use singular "has" after "each", not plural "have".
Each student received a certificate.
Каждый студент получил сертификат.
Use "each" to emphasize members individually.
Every student received a certificate.
Каждый студент получил сертификат.
"Every" must be followed by a singular noun; it cannot normally stand alone.
Neither of the two answers is correct.
Ни один из двух ответов не правильный.
Use "neither" when both alternatives are rejected.
Either of the two answers is acceptable.
Любой из двух ответов приемлем.
Use "either" for one of two positive alternatives.
Neither of us knows the answer.
Никто из нас двоих не знает ответа.
Do not use a plural verb in careful standard English after "neither of us".
Each of them has their own locker.
У каждого из них есть свой шкафчик.
"Each" takes singular "has"; singular "their" can refer back to each individual.
The two candidates each have different ideas.
У каждого из двух кандидатов свои идеи.
"Each" distributes the property across the two candidates.