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Joining clauses using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Practice: build the sentences →Coordination joins grammatical elements of equal status, while subordination makes one clause dependent on another.
Coordination commonly joins independent clauses, while subordination expresses relationships such as time, cause, condition, contrast, purpose, and concession.
She opened the door and walked inside.
Она открыла дверь и вошла внутрь.
Coordination joins two equal predicates with "and" in "opened the door and walked inside".
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
Subordination makes "because it was raining" dependent on the main clause.
I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
Я хотел пойти, но был слишком уставшим.
Coordination joins two independent clauses with "but".
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
Subordination makes "If you study hard" a dependent condition.
He was tired, so he went home.
Он устал, поэтому пошёл домой.
Coordination joins two independent clauses with "so".
Although she was tired, she continued working.
Хотя она устала, она продолжала работать.
Subordination makes "Although she was tired" a dependent contrast clause.
We can stay here or we can go home.
Мы можем остаться здесь или пойти домой.
Coordination joins two independent alternatives with "or".
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
Subordination makes "When the meeting ended" a dependent time clause.
Coordinating conjunctions join elements of equal grammatical status.
The main coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, so, yet, for, and nor.
She opened the door and walked inside.
Она открыла дверь и вошла внутрь.
The coordinating conjunction "and" joins equal predicates.
I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
Я хотел пойти, но был слишком уставшим.
The coordinating conjunction "but" joins contrasting independent clauses.
We can stay here or we can go home.
Мы можем остаться здесь или пойти домой.
The coordinating conjunction "or" joins alternatives.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
The coordinating conjunction "so" joins a result clause.
He was tired, yet he continued working.
Он устал, но продолжал работать.
The coordinating conjunction "yet" joins an unexpected contrast.
She did not call, nor did she send a message.
Она не позвонила и не отправила сообщение.
The coordinating conjunction "nor" joins negative alternatives.
We left early, for the weather was getting worse.
Мы ушли рано, так как погода ухудшалась.
The coordinating conjunction "for" gives a reason.
Both John and Mary attended the meeting.
И Джон, и Мэри присутствовали на собрании.
The paired coordinating conjunction "both ... and" joins two subjects.
And coordinates words, phrases, or clauses to add information or connect events.
For example, She opened the door and walked inside, and She opened the door, and he followed her.
She opened the door and walked inside.
Она открыла дверь и вошла внутрь.
"And" connects two sequential actions in "opened the door and walked inside".
She opened the door, and he followed her.
Она открыла дверь, и он последовал за ней.
"And" connects two independent clauses with addition.
I like tea and coffee.
Я люблю чай и кофе.
"And" adds two objects together.
She is intelligent and hardworking.
Она умная и трудолюбивая.
"And" adds two adjectives describing the same person.
We visited Paris and Rome.
Мы посетили Париж и Рим.
"And" adds two places to the list.
He studied hard and passed the exam.
Он усердно учился и сдал экзамен.
"And" connects cause and result actions.
The children played and laughed.
Дети играли и смеялись.
"And" connects two simultaneous activities.
She sings and dances.
Она поёт и танцует.
"And" connects two abilities or actions.
But coordinates elements or clauses that contrast with each other.
For example, I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
Я хотел пойти, но был слишком уставшим.
"But" contrasts the desire to go with being too tired.
She is young, but she is very experienced.
Она молода, но очень опытна.
"But" contrasts youth with experience.
The book was long, but it was interesting.
Книга была длинной, но интересной.
"But" contrasts length with interest.
He studied hard, but he still failed.
Он усердно учился, но всё равно провалился.
"But" contrasts effort with failure.
It was raining, but we went for a walk.
Шёл дождь, но мы пошли гулять.
"But" contrasts weather with action.
She is quiet, but she is very confident.
Она тихая, но очень уверенная.
"But" contrasts quietness with confidence.
The car is old, but it runs well.
Машина старая, но хорошо ездит.
"But" contrasts age with performance.
I like tea, but I prefer coffee.
Я люблю чай, но предпочитаю кофе.
"But" contrasts two preferences.
Or coordinates alternatives or choices.
For example, We can stay here or we can go home.
We can stay here or we can go home.
Мы можем остаться здесь или пойти домой.
"Or" presents two alternatives.
You can have tea or coffee.
Ты можешь выпить чай или кофе.
"Or" presents two choices.
We can go by bus or by train.
Мы можем поехать на автобусе или на поезде.
"Or" presents two modes of transport.
She will call you or send an email.
Она позвонит тебе или отправит письмо.
"Or" presents two possible actions.
You can pay now or later.
Ты можешь заплатить сейчас или позже.
"Or" presents two times for payment.
We could watch a movie or play a game.
Мы могли бы посмотреть фильм или поиграть в игру.
"Or" presents two leisure options.
Is it red or blue?
Это красное или синее?
"Or" presents two possibilities in a question.
Hurry up or we will miss the train.
Поторопись, иначе мы опоздаем на поезд.
"Or" introduces a warning consequence.
So can coordinate clauses to express a result or consequence.
For example, It was raining, so we stayed home.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
"So" introduces the result of the rain.
She was tired, so she went to bed early.
Она устала, поэтому рано легла спать.
"So" introduces the result of being tired.
He studied hard, so he passed the exam.
Он усердно учился, поэтому сдал экзамен.
"So" introduces the result of studying hard.
The traffic was bad, so we were late.
Пробки были ужасные, поэтому мы опоздали.
"So" introduces the result of bad traffic.
She missed the bus, so she took a taxi.
Она опоздала на автобус, поэтому взяла такси.
"So" introduces the result of missing the bus.
It was cold, so we turned on the heating.
Было холодно, поэтому мы включили отопление.
"So" introduces the result of cold weather.
He forgot his keys, so he couldn't enter.
Он забыл ключи, поэтому не мог войти.
"So" introduces the result of forgetting keys.
The food was delicious, so we ordered more.
Еда была вкусной, поэтому мы заказали ещё.
"So" introduces the result of good food.
Yet can coordinate contrasting ideas, often emphasizing that the second idea is surprising in light of the first.
For example, He was tired, yet he continued working.
He was tired, yet he continued working.
Он устал, но продолжал работать.
"Yet" contrasts tiredness with continuing to work.
She studied hard, yet she still failed.
Она усердно училась, но всё равно провалилась.
"Yet" contrasts effort with unexpected failure.
The car is old, yet it runs perfectly.
Машина старая, но работает отлично.
"Yet" contrasts age with excellent performance.
It was raining, yet we went for a walk.
Шёл дождь, но мы пошли гулять.
"Yet" contrasts bad weather with the decision to walk.
She is young, yet she is very experienced.
Она молода, но очень опытна.
"Yet" contrasts youth with experience.
He apologized, yet she was still angry.
Он извинился, но она всё ещё злилась.
"Yet" contrasts apology with continued anger.
The book was long, yet it was fascinating.
Книга была длинной, но увлекательной.
"Yet" contrasts length with interest.
She was busy, yet she found time to help.
Она была занята, но нашла время помочь.
"Yet" contrasts being busy with finding time.
Nor can coordinate a negative alternative or continue a negative construction.
For example, She did not call, nor did she send a message.
She did not call, nor did she send a message.
Она не позвонила и не отправила сообщение.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor did she send".
He does not smoke, nor does he drink.
Он не курит и не пьёт.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor does he drink".
She has not finished, nor has she started.
Она не закончила и даже не начала.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor has she started".
They did not apologize, nor did they explain.
Они не извинились и не объяснили.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor did they explain".
I will not forget, nor will I forgive.
Я не забуду и не прощу.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor will I forgive".
He cannot sing, nor can he dance.
Он не умеет петь и не умеет танцевать.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor can he dance".
She never complains, nor does she criticize.
Она никогда не жалуется и не критикует.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor does she criticize".
We do not have time, nor do we have money.
У нас нет времени и нет денег.
"Nor" continues the negative with inversion "nor do we have money".
For can coordinate clauses to give a reason, although this use is relatively formal and less common in everyday speech.
For example, We left early, for the weather was getting worse.
We left early, for the weather was getting worse.
Мы ушли рано, так как погода ухудшалась.
"For" gives a reason in a formal coordinating clause.
She was happy, for she had passed the exam.
Она была счастлива, так как сдала экзамен.
"For" introduces the reason for her happiness.
He did not answer, for he was angry.
Он не ответил, так как был сердит.
"For" introduces the reason for not answering.
They stayed home, for it was raining heavily.
Они остались дома, так как шёл сильный дождь.
"For" introduces the reason for staying home.
She apologized, for she knew she was wrong.
Она извинилась, так как знала, что была неправа.
"For" introduces the reason for apologizing.
We took a taxi, for we were late.
Мы взяли такси, так как опаздывали.
"For" introduces the reason for taking a taxi.
He was nervous, for it was his first interview.
Он нервничал, так как это было его первое собеседование.
"For" introduces the reason for nervousness.
She smiled, for she had good news.
Она улыбнулась, так как у неё были хорошие новости.
"For" introduces the reason for smiling.
Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction are commonly separated by a comma.
For example, I was tired, so I went home.
I was tired, so I went home.
Я устал, поэтому пошёл домой.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "so".
She studied hard, but she still failed.
Она усердно училась, но всё равно провалилась.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "but".
We can stay here, or we can go home.
Мы можем остаться здесь или пойти домой.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "or".
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "so".
He was tired, yet he continued working.
Он устал, но продолжал работать.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "yet".
She did not call, nor did she send a message.
Она не позвонила и не отправила сообщение.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "nor".
We left early, for the weather was getting worse.
Мы ушли рано, так как погода ухудшалась.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "for".
She opened the door, and he followed her.
Она открыла дверь, и он последовал за ней.
A comma separates the independent clauses before "and".
Independent clauses can sometimes be joined by a semicolon when the relationship is clear.
For example, I was tired; I went home.
I was tired; I went home.
Я устал; я пошёл домой.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
The weather was terrible; we decided to stay home.
Погода была ужасной; мы решили остаться дома.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
She studied hard; she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась; она сдала экзамен.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
He arrived late; the train had already left.
Он прибыл поздно; поезд уже ушёл.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
She loves coffee; he prefers tea.
Она любит кофе; он предпочитает чай.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
The book was long; it was still interesting.
Книга была длинной; но всё же интересной.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
We could walk; we could also take the bus.
Мы могли бы пойти пешком; мы также могли бы поехать на автобусе.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
The film was boring; we left early.
Фильм был скучным; мы ушли рано.
A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and show their relationship to the main clause.
Common subordinating conjunctions include because, although, if, when, while, since, unless, and before.
We stayed home because it was raining.
Мы остались дома, потому что шёл дождь.
The subordinating conjunction "because" introduces a cause clause.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
The subordinating conjunction "although" introduces a contrast clause.
If it rains, we will stay home.
Если пойдёт дождь, мы останемся дома.
The subordinating conjunction "if" introduces a condition.
Call me when you arrive.
Позвони мне, когда приедешь.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces a time clause.
She listened while I was speaking.
Она слушала, пока я говорил.
The subordinating conjunction "while" introduces a simultaneous time clause.
I have lived here since I graduated.
Я живу здесь с тех пор, как окончил университет.
The subordinating conjunction "since" introduces a time clause.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
The subordinating conjunction "unless" introduces a negative condition.
Call me before you leave.
Позвони мне перед тем, как уйдёшь.
The subordinating conjunction "before" introduces a time clause.
Because introduces a clause giving the reason for the situation in the main clause.
For example, We stayed home because it was raining.
We stayed home because it was raining.
Мы остались дома, потому что шёл дождь.
"Because" introduces the reason for staying home.
She was happy because she passed the exam.
Она была счастлива, потому что сдала экзамен.
"Because" introduces the reason for her happiness.
He apologized because he was late.
Он извинился, потому что опоздал.
"Because" introduces the reason for apologizing.
I called you because I needed help.
Я позвонил тебе, потому что мне нужна была помощь.
"Because" introduces the reason for calling.
They left early because they were tired.
Они ушли рано, потому что устали.
"Because" introduces the reason for leaving early.
She smiled because she had good news.
Она улыбнулась, потому что у неё были хорошие новости.
"Because" introduces the reason for smiling.
We took a taxi because we were late.
Мы взяли такси, потому что опаздывали.
"Because" introduces the reason for taking a taxi.
He was nervous because it was his first interview.
Он нервничал, потому что это было его первое собеседование.
"Because" introduces the reason for nervousness.
Although and though introduce a contrast between a dependent clause and the main clause.
For example, Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Although" introduces a contrast with the main clause.
Though she was tired, she continued working.
Хотя она устала, она продолжала работать.
"Though" introduces a contrast with the main clause.
Although he studied hard, he still failed.
Хотя он усердно учился, он всё равно провалился.
"Although" introduces an unexpected contrast.
Though it was late, we decided to go out.
Хотя было поздно, мы решили пойти гулять.
"Though" introduces a contrast with the decision.
Although she is young, she is very experienced.
Хотя она молода, она очень опытна.
"Although" introduces a contrast between youth and experience.
Though the book was long, it was interesting.
Хотя книга была длинной, она была интересной.
"Though" introduces a contrast between length and interest.
Although he was busy, he found time to help.
Хотя он был занят, он нашёл время помочь.
"Although" introduces a contrast between being busy and helping.
Though she was angry, she remained calm.
Хотя она злилась, она оставалась спокойной.
"Though" introduces a contrast between anger and calmness.
Even though introduces a strong or emphatic contrast between two facts or situations.
For example, Even though he was tired, he continued working.
Even though he was tired, he continued working.
Даже хотя он устал, он продолжал работать.
"Even though" introduces a strong contrast with the main clause.
Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.
Даже хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
"Even though" introduces a strong contrast with the weather.
Even though she studied hard, she still failed.
Даже хотя она усердно училась, она всё равно провалилась.
"Even though" emphasizes the unexpected failure.
Even though he was busy, he found time to help.
Даже хотя он был занят, он нашёл время помочь.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between being busy and helping.
Even though the car is old, it runs perfectly.
Даже хотя машина старая, она работает отлично.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between age and performance.
Even though she was angry, she remained calm.
Даже хотя она злилась, она оставалась спокойной.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between anger and calmness.
Even though it was late, we decided to go out.
Даже хотя было поздно, мы решили пойти гулять.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast with the late hour.
Even though she was tired, she finished the project.
Даже хотя она устала, она закончила проект.
"Even though" emphasizes the contrast between tiredness and finishing.
If introduces a condition on which the main clause depends.
For example, If it rains, we will stay home.
If it rains, we will stay home.
Если пойдёт дождь, мы останемся дома.
"If" introduces a condition for staying home.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
"If" introduces a condition for passing.
If I had time, I would help you.
Если бы у меня было время, я бы помог тебе.
"If" introduces a hypothetical condition.
If she calls, tell her I am out.
Если она позвонит, скажи, что меня нет.
"If" introduces a condition for the instruction.
If you are hungry, there is food in the fridge.
Если ты голоден, еда в холодильнике.
"If" introduces a condition for the statement.
If it snows, we will go skiing.
Если пойдёт снег, мы пойдём кататься на лыжах.
"If" introduces a condition for skiing.
If you need help, just ask.
Если тебе нужна помощь, просто попроси.
"If" introduces a condition for asking.
If he apologizes, she will forgive him.
Если он извинится, она его простит.
"If" introduces a condition for forgiveness.
Unless introduces a negative condition and is often equivalent in meaning to if ... not.
For example, Unless you hurry, you will be late is similar to If you do not hurry, you will be late.
Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Если ты не поторопишься, ты опоздаешь.
"Unless" means "if you do not hurry".
Unless it rains, we will go for a walk.
Если не пойдёт дождь, мы пойдём гулять.
"Unless" means "if it does not rain".
Unless you study, you will fail.
Если ты не будешь учиться, ты провалишься.
"Unless" means "if you do not study".
Unless she apologizes, I will not speak to her.
Если она не извинится, я не буду с ней разговаривать.
"Unless" means "if she does not apologize".
Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.
Если мы не уйдём сейчас, мы опоздаем на поезд.
"Unless" means "if we do not leave now".
Unless you have a ticket, you cannot enter.
Если у тебя нет билета, ты не можешь войти.
"Unless" means "if you do not have a ticket".
Unless he calls, we will assume he is not coming.
Если он не позвонит, мы будем считать, что он не придёт.
"Unless" means "if he does not call".
Unless you practice, you will not improve.
Если ты не будешь практиковаться, ты не улучшишься.
"Unless" means "if you do not practice".
When and while introduce clauses describing the time relationship between two events or situations.
For example, Call me when you arrive and She listened while I was speaking.
Call me when you arrive.
Позвони мне, когда приедешь.
"When" introduces a time clause for the call.
She listened while I was speaking.
Она слушала, пока я говорил.
"While" introduces a simultaneous time clause.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
"When" introduces the time of leaving.
While she was cooking, he set the table.
Пока она готовила, он накрывал на стол.
"While" introduces two simultaneous actions.
I will call you when I arrive.
Я позвоню тебе, когда приеду.
"When" introduces the time of calling.
While I was reading, the phone rang.
Пока я читал, зазвонил телефон.
"While" introduces an ongoing action interrupted by another.
When it started raining, we went inside.
Когда начался дождь, мы вошли внутрь.
"When" introduces the time of going inside.
While they were talking, I made coffee.
Пока они разговаривали, я приготовил кофе.
"While" introduces a simultaneous action.
Before and after introduce clauses that establish the order of two events.
For example, Call me before you leave and We went home after the meeting ended.
Call me before you leave.
Позвони мне перед тем, как уйдёшь.
"Before" introduces the earlier event.
We went home after the meeting ended.
Мы пошли домой после того, как собрание закончилось.
"After" introduces the earlier event.
Before you go, say goodbye.
Перед тем как уйти, попрощайся.
"Before" introduces the earlier action.
After she graduated, she found a job.
После того как она окончила университет, она нашла работу.
"After" introduces the earlier event.
I will call you before I leave.
Я позвоню тебе перед тем, как уйду.
"Before" introduces the earlier event.
We had dinner after the film ended.
Мы поужинали после того, как фильм закончился.
"After" introduces the earlier event.
Before it rains, we should leave.
Перед тем как пойдёт дождь, нам следует уйти.
"Before" introduces the earlier event.
After he apologized, she forgave him.
После того как он извинился, она его простила.
"After" introduces the earlier event.
Since can introduce either a time relationship or a reason, depending on context.
For example, I have lived here since I graduated expresses time, while Since you are here, we can start expresses cause.
I have lived here since I graduated.
Я живу здесь с тех пор, как окончил университет.
"Since" introduces a time clause indicating when the situation started.
Since you are here, we can start.
Поскольку ты здесь, мы можем начать.
"Since" introduces a cause clause.
She has been working here since 2015.
Она работает здесь с 2015 года.
"Since" introduces a time clause indicating when the situation started.
Since it was late, we went home.
Поскольку было поздно, мы пошли домой.
"Since" introduces a cause clause.
I have not seen him since he moved away.
Я не видел его с тех пор, как он уехал.
"Since" introduces a time clause.
Since you have experience, you should lead the project.
Поскольку у тебя есть опыт, ты должен возглавить проект.
"Since" introduces a cause clause.
We have been friends since we were children.
Мы друзья с детства.
"Since" introduces a time clause.
Since the weather was bad, we stayed indoors.
Поскольку погода была плохой, мы остались дома.
"Since" introduces a cause clause.
As can introduce clauses expressing time, reason, or manner depending on context.
For example, As I was leaving, he called; As it was late, we went home; and Do it as I showed you.
As I was leaving, he called.
Когда я уходил, он позвонил.
"As" introduces a time clause.
As it was late, we went home.
Поскольку было поздно, мы пошли домой.
"As" introduces a cause clause.
Do it as I showed you.
Сделай это так, как я тебе показал.
"As" introduces a manner clause.
As she was tired, she went to bed early.
Поскольку она устала, она рано легла спать.
"As" introduces a cause clause.
As he opened the door, the lights went out.
Когда он открыл дверь, свет погас.
"As" introduces a time clause.
Leave the room as you found it.
Оставь комнату такой, какой ты её нашёл.
"As" introduces a manner clause.
As you know, the meeting is cancelled.
Как ты знаешь, собрание отменено.
"As" introduces a manner or reference clause.
As the sun set, the sky turned orange.
Когда солнце садилось, небо стало оранжевым.
"As" introduces a time clause.
So that can introduce a clause expressing purpose or, in some contexts, a result.
For example, I left early so that I could catch the train.
I left early so that I could catch the train.
Я ушёл рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
She spoke slowly so that everyone could understand.
Она говорила медленно, чтобы все могли понять.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
He studied hard so that he would pass the exam.
Он усердно учился, чтобы сдать экзамен.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
They left early so that they would not miss the beginning.
Они ушли рано, чтобы не пропустить начало.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
I turned off the light so that we could sleep.
Я выключил свет, чтобы мы могли спать.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
She saved money so that she could buy a car.
Она копила деньги, чтобы купить машину.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
He whispered so that no one would hear.
Он прошептал, чтобы никто не услышал.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
Мы приехали рано, чтобы занять хорошие места.
"So that" introduces a purpose clause.
In order that introduces a formal purpose clause.
For example, The changes were made in order that the system could operate more efficiently.
The changes were made in order that the system could operate more efficiently.
Изменения были внесены, чтобы система могла работать более эффективно.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
She spoke clearly in order that everyone might understand.
Она говорила чётко, чтобы все могли понять.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
He left early in order that he might catch the train.
Он ушёл рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
They provided extra training in order that the staff could perform better.
Они провели дополнительное обучение, чтобы персонал мог работать лучше.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
She adjusted the settings in order that the machine would not overheat.
Она настроила параметры, чтобы машина не перегревалась.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
The rules were changed in order that all participants might compete fairly.
Правила были изменены, чтобы все участники могли соревноваться честно.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
He repeated the instructions in order that no one would misunderstand.
Он повторил инструкции, чтобы никто не misunderstood.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
They arrived early in order that they might get the best seats.
Они приехали рано, чтобы занять лучшие места.
"In order that" introduces a formal purpose clause.
Whereas and while can introduce clauses that contrast two people, things, or situations.
For example, John prefers tea, whereas Mary prefers coffee.
John prefers tea, whereas Mary prefers coffee.
Джон предпочитает чай, тогда как Мэри предпочитает кофе.
"Whereas" contrasts two preferences.
While I enjoy reading, my brother prefers sports.
В то время как я люблю читать, мой брат предпочитает спорт.
"While" contrasts two activities.
Whereas the first option is cheap, the second is expensive.
Тогда как первый вариант дешёвый, второй дорогой.
"Whereas" contrasts two options.
While she is very organized, he is quite messy.
В то время как она очень организованная, он довольно неаккуратный.
"While" contrasts two personalities.
Some people like cities, whereas others prefer the countryside.
Некоторые люди любят города, тогда как другие предпочитают сельскую местность.
"Whereas" contrasts two groups of people.
While the book is long, it is very readable.
В то время как книга длинная, она очень легко читается.
"While" contrasts length with readability.
He is very outgoing, whereas his sister is shy.
Он очень общительный, тогда как его сестра застенчивая.
"Whereas" contrasts two personalities.
While I was tired, I still finished the work.
В то время как я устал, я всё же закончил работу.
"While" contrasts tiredness with finishing.
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect elements of equal grammatical status.
Common pairs include both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also.
Both John and Mary attended the meeting.
И Джон, и Мэри присутствовали на собрании.
The paired conjunction "both ... and" includes two subjects.
You can either stay here or come with us.
Ты можешь либо остаться здесь, либо пойти с нами.
The paired conjunction "either ... or" presents two alternatives.
Neither John nor Mary was available.
Ни Джон, ни Мэри не были доступны.
The paired conjunction "neither ... nor" presents two negative alternatives.
She is not only intelligent but also extremely hardworking.
Она не только умна, но и чрезвычайно трудолюбива.
The paired conjunction "not only ... but also" adds emphasis to the second element.
Both the teacher and the students were happy.
И учитель, и ученики были счастливы.
The paired conjunction "both ... and" joins two subjects.
We can either go by bus or by train.
Мы можем поехать либо на автобусе, либо на поезде.
The paired conjunction "either ... or" presents two alternatives.
He neither apologized nor explained.
Он ни извинился, ни объяснил.
The paired conjunction "neither ... nor" joins two negative actions.
She not only sings but also dances.
Она не только поёт, но и танцует.
The paired conjunction "not only ... but also" joins two abilities.
Both ... and connects two coordinated elements and normally expresses two included alternatives.
For example, Both John and Mary attended the meeting.
Both John and Mary attended the meeting.
И Джон, и Мэри присутствовали на собрании.
"Both ... and" includes two subjects.
Both the teacher and the students were happy.
И учитель, и ученики были счастливы.
"Both ... and" joins two subjects.
She likes both tea and coffee.
Она любит и чай, и кофе.
"Both ... and" joins two objects.
He is both intelligent and hardworking.
Он и умный, и трудолюбивый.
"Both ... and" joins two adjectives.
We visited both Paris and Rome.
Мы посетили и Париж, и Рим.
"Both ... and" joins two places.
Both my brother and my sister live abroad.
И мой брат, и моя сестра живут за границей.
"Both ... and" joins two subjects.
She can both sing and dance.
Она умеет и петь, и танцевать.
"Both ... and" joins two abilities.
The film was both long and boring.
Фильм был и длинным, и скучным.
"Both ... and" joins two adjectives.
Either ... or presents two alternatives.
For example, You can either stay here or come with us.
You can either stay here or come with us.
Ты можешь либо остаться здесь, либо пойти с нами.
"Either ... or" presents two alternatives.
We can either go by bus or by train.
Мы можем поехать либо на автобусе, либо на поезде.
"Either ... or" presents two alternatives.
You can have either tea or coffee.
Ты можешь выпить либо чай, либо кофе.
"Either ... or" presents two choices.
She will either call you or send an email.
Она либо позвонит тебе, либо отправит письмо.
"Either ... or" presents two possible actions.
We could either watch a movie or play a game.
Мы могли бы либо посмотреть фильм, либо поиграть в игру.
"Either ... or" presents two leisure options.
You can pay either now or later.
Ты можешь заплатить либо сейчас, либо позже.
"Either ... or" presents two times for payment.
Either John or Mary will help you.
Либо Джон, либо Мэри поможет тебе.
"Either ... or" presents two possible helpers.
You can either walk or take a taxi.
Ты можешь либо пойти пешком, либо взять такси.
"Either ... or" presents two alternatives.
Neither ... nor presents two negative alternatives.
For example, Neither John nor Mary was available.
Neither John nor Mary was available.
Ни Джон, ни Мэри не были доступны.
"Neither ... nor" presents two negative alternatives.
He neither apologized nor explained.
Он ни извинился, ни объяснил.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative actions.
She likes neither tea nor coffee.
Она не любит ни чай, ни кофе.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative objects.
Neither the teacher nor the students were happy.
Ни учитель, ни ученики не были счастливы.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative subjects.
We can neither stay here nor go home.
Мы не можем ни остаться здесь, ни пойти домой.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative alternatives.
He is neither intelligent nor hardworking.
Он ни умный, ни трудолюбивый.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative adjectives.
Neither my brother nor my sister lives abroad.
Ни мой брат, ни моя сестра не живут за границей.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative subjects.
She can neither sing nor dance.
Она не умеет ни петь, ни танцевать.
"Neither ... nor" joins two negative abilities.
Not only ... but also connects two elements while adding emphasis to the second element.
For example, She is not only intelligent but also extremely hardworking.
She is not only intelligent but also extremely hardworking.
Она не только умна, но и чрезвычайно трудолюбива.
"Not only ... but also" adds emphasis to the second element.
She not only sings but also dances.
Она не только поёт, но и танцует.
"Not only ... but also" joins two abilities.
He not only apologized but also offered to help.
Он не только извинился, но и предложил помощь.
"Not only ... but also" joins two actions.
The book is not only long but also very interesting.
Книга не только длинная, но и очень интересная.
"Not only ... but also" joins two adjectives.
She not only speaks French but also speaks German.
Она не только говорит по-французски, но и говорит по-немецки.
"Not only ... but also" joins two languages.
He not only works full-time but also studies at university.
Он не только работает полный день, но и учится в университете.
"Not only ... but also" joins two activities.
The film was not only boring but also too long.
Фильм был не только скучным, но и слишком длинным.
"Not only ... but also" joins two negative qualities.
She not only missed the train but also lost her ticket.
Она не только опоздала на поезд, но и потеряла билет.
"Not only ... but also" joins two unfortunate events.
Coordinated elements should normally have matching grammatical forms or structures.
For example, She likes reading, writing, and travelling is parallel, while She likes reading, to write, and travelling is poorly balanced.
She likes reading, writing, and travelling.
Она любит читать, писать и путешествовать.
The coordinated elements "reading, writing, and travelling" are all gerunds.
He is intelligent, hardworking, and reliable.
Он умный, трудолюбивый и надёжный.
The coordinated adjectives are parallel.
We can go by bus, by train, or by car.
Мы можем поехать на автобусе, на поезде или на машине.
The coordinated prepositional phrases are parallel.
She opened the door, walked inside, and sat down.
Она открыла дверь, вошла и села.
The coordinated verb phrases are parallel.
The plan is simple, practical, and affordable.
План простой, практичный и доступный по цене.
The coordinated adjectives are parallel.
He enjoys playing football, watching films, and reading books.
Он любит играть в футбол, смотреть фильмы и читать книги.
The coordinated gerund phrases are parallel.
She spoke clearly, confidently, and politely.
Она говорила чётко, уверенно и вежливо.
The coordinated adverbs are parallel.
We need to plan, to organize, and to execute.
Нам нужно планировать, организовывать и выполнять.
The coordinated infinitives are parallel.
A subordinate clause can normally occur before or after the main clause, with punctuation varying according to its position and function.
For example, Because it was raining, we stayed home and We stayed home because it was raining.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
The subordinate clause "Because it was raining" comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
We stayed home because it was raining.
Мы остались дома, потому что шёл дождь.
The subordinate clause "because it was raining" comes after the main clause without a comma.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
The subordinate clause "Although it was raining" comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
We went for a walk although it was raining.
Мы пошли гулять, хотя шёл дождь.
The subordinate clause "although it was raining" comes after the main clause without a comma.
If you study hard, you will pass.
Если ты будешь усердно учиться, ты сдашь.
The subordinate clause "If you study hard" comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
You will pass if you study hard.
Ты сдашь, если будешь усердно учиться.
The subordinate clause "if you study hard" comes after the main clause without a comma.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
The subordinate clause "When the meeting ended" comes before the main clause and is followed by a comma.
We left when the meeting ended.
Мы ушли, когда собрание закончилось.
The subordinate clause "when the meeting ended" comes after the main clause without a comma.
Subordination can make one idea grammatically dependent on another and therefore present it as background, cause, condition, or other supporting information.
For example, Because the evidence was incomplete, the researchers repeated the experiment.
Because the evidence was incomplete, the researchers repeated the experiment.
Поскольку доказательства были неполными, исследователи повторили эксперимент.
The subordinate clause "Because the evidence was incomplete" presents the cause as background information.
Although the results were unexpected, they supported the hypothesis.
Хотя результаты были неожиданными, они подтвердили гипотезу.
The subordinate clause "Although the results were unexpected" presents a contrast as background.
If the conditions are controlled, the experiment can be replicated.
Если условия контролируются, эксперимент можно воспроизвести.
The subordinate clause "If the conditions are controlled" presents a condition as supporting information.
Since the data were incomplete, the analysis was inconclusive.
Поскольку данные были неполными, анализ был неубедительным.
The subordinate clause "Since the data were incomplete" presents a reason as background.
When the experiment was repeated, the results were consistent.
Когда эксперимент повторили, результаты были согласованными.
The subordinate clause "When the experiment was repeated" presents a time frame as background.
Because the sample was small, the findings were tentative.
Поскольку выборка была небольшой, результаты были предварительными.
The subordinate clause "Because the sample was small" presents a reason as background.
Although the theory is popular, it has many critics.
Хотя теория популярна, у неё много критиков.
The subordinate clause "Although the theory is popular" presents a contrast as background.
If the results are confirmed, the treatment may be approved.
Если результаты подтвердятся, лечение может быть одобрено.
The subordinate clause "If the results are confirmed" presents a condition as supporting information.
Choosing coordination or subordination can change how strongly one idea is presented as dependent on another.
Compare He was tired, so he went home with Because he was tired, he went home.
He was tired, so he went home.
Он устал, поэтому пошёл домой.
Coordination with "so" presents the result as a separate, equal idea.
Because he was tired, he went home.
Поскольку он устал, он пошёл домой.
Subordination with "because" presents the cause as dependent background information.
She studied hard, and she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась, и она сдала экзамен.
Coordination with "and" presents two equal achievements.
Because she studied hard, she passed the exam.
Поскольку она усердно училась, она сдала экзамен.
Subordination with "because" makes the studying the reason for passing.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
Coordination with "so" presents the result as an independent consequence.
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Поскольку шёл дождь, мы остались дома.
Subordination with "because" presents the rain as the cause of staying home.
He apologized, but she was still angry.
Он извинился, но она всё ещё злилась.
Coordination with "but" presents two contrasting independent facts.
Although he apologized, she was still angry.
Хотя он извинился, она всё ещё злилась.
Subordination with "although" makes the apology a concessive dependent clause.
Independent clauses must be correctly coordinated or separated, while subordinate clauses must be attached to an appropriate main clause.
This prevents run-on sentences and sentence fragments.
I was tired, so I went home.
Я устал, поэтому пошёл домой.
Correct coordination prevents a run-on sentence.
Because I was tired, I went home.
Поскольку я устал, я пошёл домой.
A subordinate clause is correctly attached to a main clause, avoiding a fragment.
I was tired; I went home.
Я устал; я пошёл домой.
A semicolon correctly joins two independent clauses without a conjunction.
She studied hard, and she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась, и она сдала экзамен.
A comma and coordinating conjunction correctly join two independent clauses.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
A subordinate clause is correctly attached to a main clause.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
A comma and "so" correctly coordinate two independent clauses.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
A subordinate clause is correctly attached to a main clause.
She arrived, and we had dinner.
Она приехала, и мы поужинали.
A comma and "and" correctly coordinate two independent clauses.
Use coordination and subordination according to the intended grammatical relationship and maintain correct clause boundaries.
Common mistakes include comma splices, fragments beginning with subordinators, misuse of coordinating conjunctions, non-parallel coordinated elements, and using a subordinator where an independent clause is required.
I was tired, so I went home.
Я устал, поэтому пошёл домой.
Correct: comma and "so" join two independent clauses, avoiding a comma splice.
Because I was tired, I went home.
Поскольку я устал, я пошёл домой.
Correct: subordinate clause is attached to a main clause, avoiding a fragment.
I was tired; I went home.
Я устал; я пошёл домой.
Correct: semicolon joins two independent clauses, avoiding a run-on.
She likes reading, writing, and travelling.
Она любит читать, писать и путешествовать.
Correct: parallel gerunds in coordination.
She studied hard, and she passed the exam.
Она усердно училась, и она сдала экзамен.
Correct: comma and "and" join two independent clauses.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Хотя шёл дождь, мы пошли гулять.
Correct: subordinate clause is attached to a main clause.
It was raining, so we stayed home.
Шёл дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
Correct: comma and "so" join two independent clauses.
When the meeting ended, we left.
Когда собрание закончилось, мы ушли.
Correct: subordinate clause is attached to a main clause.